1 Knutson, Jeanne N. (ed.), Handbook of Political Psychology (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973), 471–525Google Scholar.

2 Stone, William F., The Psychology of Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1974), 26Google Scholar.

3 Lasswell, Harold, Psychopathology and Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930Google Scholar; revised ed., New York: Viking, 1960). See also his later book, Power and Personality (New York: Viking, 1948)Google Scholar.

4 Eysenck, H. J., The Psychology of Politics (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1954)Google Scholar, chap. 4.

5 Fromm, E., Escape From Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1941)Google Scholar; Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., Sanford, R. N., The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper and Row, 1950)Google Scholar; Rokeach, M., The Open and Closed Mind (New York: Basic Books, 1960)Google Scholar; DiRenzo, G. (ed.), Personality and Politics (New York: Anchor, 1974)Google Scholar especially Parts 4 and 5.

6 Lasswell, Psychopathology and Politics, rev. ed., 183.

7 “… reasons offered by the voters themselves for their electoral behaviour cannot provide an adequate portrait of influence on voting behaviour. People often do not or cannot describe accurately the bases for their actions, and thus more comprehensive and detailed analyses are required.” Clarke, Harold D., Jenson, Jane, LeDuc, Lawrence, AND Pammett, Jon H., Political Choice in Canada (abridged ed.; Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1980), 217–18Google Scholar.

8 Hess, Robert D. and Tomey, Judith V., The Development of Political Attitudes in Children (Chicago: Aldine, 1967)Google Scholar; Easton, David and Dennis, Jack, Children in the Political System: Origins of Political Legitimacy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969)Google Scholar; and Greenstein, Fred I., Children and Politics (rev. ed.; New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969)Google Scholar.

9 Since the literature is quite extensive, a few illustrative examples may suffice. See, for example, Klineberg, O., The Human Dimensions in International Relations (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964Google Scholar); Kelman, H. C. (ed.), International Behavior: A Social Psychological Analysis (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965)Google Scholar; DeRivera, J. H., The Psychological Dimension of Foreign Policy (Columbus, Ohio: Merrill, 1968)Google Scholar; Jervis, R., The Logic of Images in International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972)Google Scholar; Druckman, D., “Human Factors in International Negotiations: A Survey of Research on Socio-Psychological Aspects of International Conflict,” Sage Professional Papers in International Studies, Vol. 2, No. 02–020, 1973Google Scholar; Janis, Irving L., Victims of Groupthink: A Psychological Study of Foreign Policy Decisions and Fiascoes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972)Google Scholar. See also the professional journals in the field, for example, the Journal of Conflict Resolution and the Journal of International Affairs, which devote considerable attention to the psychological dimensions.

10 The quotation is from his most comprehensive publication, Toward A Psychology of Being (2nd ed.; New York: VanNostrandReinhold, 1968), viGoogle Scholar. Because of its emphasis on the importance of human development, Erik Erikson's research into the relationship between childhood and society also should be mentioned in this context. See his book Childhood and Society (2nd ed.; New York: Norton, 1963)Google Scholar.

11 See, for instance, Davies, James C., Human Nature in Politics: The Dynamics of Political Behavior (New York: Wiley, 1963)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Knutson, Jeanne N., The Human Basis of the Polity (Chicago: Aldine-Atherton, 1972)Google Scholar; and Fitzgerald, Ross (ed.), Human Needs and Politics (Sydney: Pergamon Press, 1977)Google Scholar which contains articles by Bay and Macpherson. See also Bay, Christian, The Structure of Freedom (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958)Google Scholar and Bay, Christian, “Needs, Wants and Political Legitimacy,” this JOURNAL 1 (1968), 241–60Google Scholar; and Manzer, Ronald, Canada: A Socio-Political Report (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1974)Google Scholar.

12 For a review of the subject, see Fred I. Greenstein, “Political Psychology: A Pluralistic Universe,” in Knutson, Handbook of Political Psychology, 438–69.

13 See, for example, the philosophers already mentioned and such classic works as Plutarch, , Lives (11 vols.; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954–1968)Google Scholar; Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, trans, by Graves, Robert (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965)Google Scholar; Aubrey, John, Brief Lives, ed. with an introduction by Dick, O. L. (3rd ed.; London: Seeker and Warburg, 1960)Google Scholar; Carlyle, Thomas, On Heroes, Hero Worship and the Heroic in History (first published 1841; Everyman ed.; London: Dent, 1959)Google Scholar; Sereno, Renzo, The Rulers: The Theory of the Ruling Class (New York: Praeger, 1962)Google Scholar; and innumerable biographies, autobiographies, and books about politicians, princes, and monarchs.

14 Paige, Glenn D., The Scientific Study of Political Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1977), 255–332Google Scholar. Stogdill, Ralph M. gives an even longer list of approximately 3,000 items in his Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research (New York: Free Press, 1974), 431–581Google Scholar.

15 Hockin, Thomas A. (ed.), Apex of Power: The Prime Minister and Political Leadership in Canada (2nd ed.; Scarborough: Prentice-Hall, 1977)Google Scholar. Some of the articles published in this JOURNAL will be referred to below.

16 These are the theories described by Stogdill in his Handbook of Leadership, chap. 3, which is a standard work, but they are not exhaustive.

17 See, for instance, Barber, James David, The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1972)Google Scholar.

18 Barber, for example, establishes four categories to describe American presidents (ibid., 11–14).

19 For fuller accounts, see Rustow, Dankwart A. (ed.), Philosophers and Kings: Studies in Leadership (New York: Braziller, 1970)Google Scholar, chap. 1; Paige, The Scientific Study of Leadership; Stogdill, Handbook of Leadership; and other basic works noted in the bibliographies in the latter two books.

20 See Edinger, Lewis J.(ed.), Political Leadership in Industrialized Societies: Studies in Comparative Analysis (New York: Wiley, 1967)Google Scholar; Apter, David, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1965)Google Scholar; Warner, W. L. and Abbeglen, J. C., Big Business Leaders in America (New York: Harper, 1955)Google Scholar; and Cohen, Michael D. and March, James D., Leadership and Ambiguity: The American College President (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974)Google Scholar; and many biographies.

21 The literature on elites is too extensive to note in detail. See as examples Mills, C. Wright, The Power Elite (New York: Galaxy, Oxford University Press, 1959)Google Scholar; and Porter, John, The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973)Google Scholar.

22 Leon Dion's article, “The Concept of Political Leadership,” this JOURNAL 1 (1968), 1–17Google Scholar, provides a good discussion of this point.

23 Homans, George C., The Human Group (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1950)Google Scholar; Verba, Sidney, Small Groups and Political Behavior (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961)Google Scholar.

24 Burns, James MacGregor, Leadership (New York: Harperand Row, 1978)Google Scholar, Prologue.

25 Barber, The Presidential Character, chap. 1 and passim. See also Mongar, Thomas M., “Personality and Decision-Making: John F. Kennedy in Four Crisis Decisions,” this JOURNAL 2 (1969), 200–25Google Scholar.

26 See, for example, Holsti, Ole, “The Operational Code Approach to the Study of Political Leaders: John Foster Dulles’ Philosophical and Instrumental Beliefs,” this JOURNAL 3 (1970), 123–57Google Scholar, and McLellan, David S., “The ‘Operational Code’ Approach to the Study of Political Leaders: Dean Acheson's Philosophical and Instrumental Beliefs,” this JOURNAL 4 (1971), 52–75Google Scholar.

27 Weber, Max, Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1947), 358Google Scholar.

28 See, for example, Rustow, Philosophers and Kings, 14–20, and Robert C. Tucker, “The Theory of Charismatic Leadership,” ibid., 69–92.

29 Schiffer, Irvine, Charisma: A Psychoanalytic Look at Mass Society (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), 21–55Google Scholar.

30 Another possible Greek root would be the word “hegemon.” It would have the advantage of conveying the notion of “chieftain” but who could say easily “hegemonology”?

31 The Goertzels' studies include women as well as men, but they deal with eminent personalities rather than leaders per se. See Goertzel, Mildred George, Goertzel, Victor, AND Goertzel, Ted George, Three Hundred Eminent Personalities: A Psychosocial Analysis of the Famous (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978)Google Scholar. An earlier book by the first two authors, Cradles of Eminence (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962)Google Scholar, dealt with a different group of 400 men and women. The number of publications on women is increasing as the women's movement progresses and the number of female leaders grows. See, for instance, Hennig, Margaret and Jardim, Anne, The Managerial Woman (New York: Pocket Books, 1976)Google Scholar.

32 Barber, The Presidential Character 12–13. This typology forms the analytic framework of his book. For examples of other typologies, see Hargrove, Erwin C., Presidential Leadership: Personality and Political Style (New York: Macmillan, 1966)Google Scholar which discusses Presidents of Action (the dramatizing leader, the moralizing leader, and the manipulative leader) and the Presidents of Restraint (the Judge, the Engineer, and the General); and Maccoby, Michael, The Gamesman: Winning and Losing the Career Game (New York: Bantam, 1976Google Scholar) which classifies corporate leaders sardonically as the Craftsman, the Jungle Fighter, the Company Man, and the Gamesman. His categories could be applied to politics—or academe—equally well. Classifying seven American presidents (Wilson, F. D. Roosevelt, Truman, Kennedy, L. B. Johnson, Nixon, and Carter) and John Foster Dulles and Henry Kissinger according to the way they made decisions in foreign policy, John G. Stoessinger creates a simple dichotomy in Crusaders and Pragmatists: Movers of Modem American Foreign Policy (Toronto: George J. McLeod, 1979)Google Scholar.

33 As Bums has remarked, “leadership is one of the most observed and least understood phenomena on earth” (Leadership, 2).

34 Lasswell, Power and Personality, 39.

35 James D. Barber, “Adult Identity and Presidential Style: The Rhetorical Emphasis,” in Rustow, Philosophers and Kings, 379–80.

36 Iremonger, L., The Fiery Chariot: A Study of British Prime Ministers and the Search for Love (London: Seeker and Warburg, 1970)Google Scholar.

37 Most of the works on Richard M. Nixon fall into this class, with the notable exception of Mazlish, Bruce, In Search of Nixon: A Psychohistorical Inquiry (New York: Basic Books, 1972)Google Scholar. In Nixon's case, one wonders whetherthe deficiencies lie in the authors or in the subject who has revealed so little of himself.

38 George, Alexander L. and George, Juliette L., Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A Personality Study (New York: John Day, 1956)Google Scholar; Erikson, Erik H., Young Man Luther: A Study of Psychoanalysis and History (New York: Norton, 1958)Google Scholar; Erikson, Erik H., Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence (New York: Norton, 1969)Google Scholar; Keams, Doris, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper and Row, 1976)Google Scholar.

39 President Nixon was not the only politician who had a profound dread of psychiatrists, though perhaps he had good reason. See McGinniss, Joe, The Selling of the President (New York: Pocket Books, 1970)Google Scholar.

40 King kept a voluminous set of personal diaries yet he gave instructions in his will to destroy all of this invaluable material except for passages he marked. Fortunately, he failed to mark any passages before his death and his literary executors decided wisely that all the information should be preserved and released to the public in due course (Stacey, Charles P., A Very Double Life: The Private World of MacKenzie King [Toronto: Macmillan, Laurentian Library edition, 1977], 10–13Google Scholar). The existence of such extensive information about King's personal life is one reason why there have been so many publications about King and why he is regarded as eccentric, in contrast to many other leaders who left little record and thereby kept their idiosyncracies hidden. For contrasting views on King, see Courtney, John C., “Prime Ministerial Character: An Examination of Mackenzie King's Political Leadership,” this JOURNAL 9 (1976), 77–100Google Scholar, and J. E. Esberey, “Prime Ministerial Character: An Alternative View,” ibid., 101–06, and Courtney, “A Rejoinder,” ibid., 308–09.

41 Using King's diaries and some of Erik Erikson's theories, Professor Joy Esberey has been able to explain psychologically some of King's political actions. See her article, “Personality and Politics: A New Look at the King-Byng Dispute,” this JOURNAL 6 (1973), 37–55Google Scholar, and also her forthcoming book on King.

42 LaMarsh, Judy, Memoirs of a Bird in a Gilded Cage (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1969)Google Scholar; A Very Political Lady (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1979)Google Scholar; A Right Honourable Lady (Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1980)Google Scholar.

43 Kennedy, John F., Profiles in Courage (New York: Pocket Books, 1960)Google Scholar; Nixon, Richard M., Six Crises (New York: Doubleday, 1968)Google Scholar.