¹ For sample discussions of avoidance protest in each of these situations, see, respectively, Genovese, Eugene D., Roll, Jordan, Roll (New York, 1972), esp. pp. 648–57Google Scholar, and Mullin, Gerald, Flight and Rebellion: Slave Resistance in Eighteenth Century Virginia (New York, 1972)Google Scholar; Hilton, Rodney, Bond Men Made Free (New York, 1973), esp. ch. 2Google Scholar, and Bennett, H.S., Life on the English Manor (Cambridge, 1937), ch. 11Google Scholar; Blum, Jerome, Lord and Peasant in Russia (Princeton, 1961), esp. ch. 14.Google Scholar

² Notable recent exceptions to this trend include the work of Fernandez, James, and especially his article on “The Affirmation of Things Past: Alar Ayong and Bwiti as Movements of Protest in Central and Northern Gabon,” in Protest and Power in Black Africa, Rotberg, Robert and Mazrui, Ali, eds. (Oxford, 1970), pp. 427–57Google Scholar; Asiwaju, A.I.'s article on “Migrations as Revolt: The Example of the Ivory Coast and the Upper Volta Before 1945,” Journal of African History 17, no. 4 (1976): 577–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Isaacman, Allen, The Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique (Berkeley, 1976), ch. 5.Google Scholar

³ For examples, see Moertono, Soermarsaid, State and Statecraft in Old Java (Ithaca, N.Y. 1968), pp. 35ff.Google Scholar; Thaung, , “Burmese Kingship in Theory and Practice under the Reign of King Mindon,” Journal of the Burma Research Society (hereafter cited as JBRS) 42 (1959): 178–83Google Scholar; Spellman, John W., Political Theory of Ancient India (Oxford, 1964), ch. 8Google Scholar; Gluckman, Max, “The Kingdom of the Zulu in South Africa,” in African Political Systems, Fortes, M. and Evans-Pritchard, E.E., eds. (London, 1940), esp. pp. 28–34.Google Scholar

⁴ Weber, Max, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, Roth, G. and Wittich, C., eds. (New York, 1968), vol. 3, ch. 12Google Scholar. To a lesser degree than empires in the Islamic heartland or Mughal India, Javanese and Burmese administrative systems also contained prebendal elements.

⁵ Court intrigues and succession disputes received much attention in earlier historical works on Burma and Java, as the writings of G.E.Harvey, Arthur Phayre, M.L.van Deventer, and H.J. de Graaf amply illustrate. For more recent studies which attempt to relate these phenomena to broader political analyses, see Koenig, William, “The Early Kon-baung Polity, 1752–1819” (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1978), chs. 6,7Google Scholar; or Lieberman, Victor, “The Burmese Dynastic Pattern, circa 1590–1760” (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1976)Google Scholar; and Carey, Peter, “Pangeran Dipanagara and Origins of the Java War, 1825–1830,” in Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk lnstituut (Leiden, forthcoming), ch.2Google Scholar. For Indian examples, see the writings of Satish Chandra or Athar Ali on the Mughal court and nobility; for Africa, see Wilks, Ivor, Asante in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1975), esp. 12Google Scholar; Gluckman, Max, Custom and Conflict in Africa (Glencoe, 111., 1959), pp. 39, 43, 45–6, et passim.Google Scholar

⁶ For discussion of regional autonomy, see Moertono, , State and Statecraft, pp. 88ff., 104–5, 107, 134Google Scholar; Graaf, H.J.de, De Regering van Sultan Agung, Vorst van Mararam, 1613–1645 (The Hague, 1958), pp. 118–21Google Scholar; Koenig, , “Early Kòn-baung Polity,” pp. 34–6, 41ff.Google Scholar; Lieberman, ,“Burmese Dynastic Pattern,” pp. 36, 39–40, 45, 120ff., 227ffGoogle Scholar. For a superb study of this pattern in India, see Fox, Richard G., Kin, Clan, Raja and Rule (Berkeley, 1971)Google Scholar. For African examples, see Gluckman, , Custom and Conflict, pp. 34–5, 37–44Google Scholar; Bradbury, R.E., “The Kingdom of Benin,” in West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century, Forde, D. and Kaberry, P.M., eds. (Oxford, 1967), pp. 5–6, 9, 27Google Scholar; Vansina, Jan, “A Comparison of African Kingdoms,” Africa 32 (1963): 329–30.Google Scholar

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¹¹ For an incisive discussion of these patterns, see Ricklefs, Merle, Jogjakarta under Sultan Mangkubumi, 1749–1792 (Oxford, 1974), ch. 1.Google Scholar

¹² Max Weber has analyzed these control devices in general terms. See Economy and Society, vol. 3, pp. 1042–44Google Scholar. For Java, see Onghokham, , “Residency of Madiun Pryayi,” pp. 15, 35–36, 40–43, 61ff.Google Scholar; Rouffaer, G.P. “Vorstenlanden,” Encyclopedia van Nederlandsch-Indie (The Hague, 1905), vol. 4, pp. 588–90, 624–25Google Scholar. For Burma, see Koenig, , “Early Kon-baung Polity,” pp. 40, 249ff., 312–20Google Scholar; Lieberman, , “Burmese Dynastic Pattern,” pp. 88, 129ffGoogle Scholar. For African examples, see Kamgire, S.R., A History of the Kingdom ofNkore in Western Uganda to 1896 (Oxford, 1971), pp. 64ff.Google Scholar; Beattie, , Nyoro State, pp. 137–39.Google Scholar

¹³ In the more highly developed bureaucratic system found in China, officials were prohibited, at least in times of dynastic strength, from serving in their home districts. This was not the case in Java or Burma.

¹⁴ Beattie, , Nyoro State, pp. 138ff.Google Scholar; Richards, John F., ed., Kingship and Authority in South Asia (Madison, Wisc., 1978), pp. iii, v.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Koenig, , “Early Kòn-baung Polity,” pp. 35, 40–41et passimGoogle Scholar; Lieberman, , “Burmese Dynastic Pattern, ” p. 124Google Scholar. The most graphic account of the use of spies and subterfuge in this sort of polity remains Vishakadatta's play, The Signet Ring of Rakshasa. See Lal, P., Great Sanskrit Plays (New York, 1957).Google Scholar

¹⁶ Carey, , “Originsof the Java War,” pp. 6–10Google Scholar; J.L.V., “Bijdrage tot de kennis der residentie Madioen,” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië (hereafter cited as TNI) 17, no. 2 (1855): 2–3, 7–8Google Scholar; “De toestand van Bagelen in 1830,” TNI 20, no. 2 (1858): 30Google Scholar; Koenig, , “Early Kon-baung Polity,” esp. pp. 308–12Google Scholar; and Lieberman, , p. 186.Google Scholar

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¹⁹ Kollman, M.J.H., “Bagelen onder het bestuur van Soerkarta en Djokjokarta,” TGB 14 (1864): 362–64, 368Google Scholar. For greater detail and regional variations, see Bergsma, W., comp., Eindresume… de rechten van den inlander op de grond op Java en Madoera, 3 vols. (Batavia, 1876, 1880, 1896)Google Scholar. Insofar as I am aware, information of comparable quality on precolonial conditions in village Burma is not available.

²⁰ For examples, see Chesneaux, Jean, Contributions à l'histoire de la nation Vietnamienne (Paris, 1955), pp. 91ff.Google Scholar; Gluckman, , Custom and Conflict, pp. 39, 43, 45Google Scholar; and Myrdal, Jan and Kessel, Gun, Angkor: An Essay on Art and Imperialism (New York, 1970)Google Scholar. For a discussion of the low incidence of peasant rebellion in precolonial Java, see Moertono, , State and Statecraft, pp. 5, 75.Google Scholar

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²⁷ For a brilliant analysis of these patterns, see Hanks, Lucien M., “Merit and Power in Thai Social Order,” American Anthropologist 64, no. 6 (1962): 1247–62.Google Scholar

²⁸ Carey, , “Origins of the Java War,” p. 19Google Scholar; Moertono, , State and Statecraft, p. 76Google Scholar; Rabibhadana, Akin, Organization of Thai Society, p. 87Google Scholar. For an African parallel, see Karugire, , History of Kingdom of Nkore, pp. 105–6.Google Scholar

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⁶⁹ For examples of these forms of protest see, respectively, Kartini, Raden Adjeng, Letters of a Javanese Princess (New York, 1964), p. 60Google Scholar; Brandon, James R., Theatre in Southeast Asia (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), pp. 259, 284–88Google Scholar; Peacock, James L., “Anti-Dutch, Anti-Muslim Drama among Surabaja Proletarians: A Description of Performances and Responses,” Indonesia 4 (1967): 44–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kartomi, , “Performance, Music, and Meaning,” pp. 115–16Google Scholar; Dahm, Bernhard, Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence (Ithaca, N.Y., 1969), esp. pp. 102–5Google Scholar; Myint, Thein Pe, “Her Husband or Her Money,” “Oil,” “Bittersweet,” and “A Song to Make One Weep,” in Selected Short Stories of Thein Pe Myint, Milne, P.M., trans. (Ithaca, N.Y.,1973)Google Scholar; Long, Ngo Vinh, Before the Revolution: The Vietnamese Peasants under the French (Cambridge, Mass., 1973)Google Scholar; Adas, , Burma Delta, pp. 193–96Google Scholar; and Mendelson, , State and Sangha, pp. 214–21.Google Scholar