Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T13:10:05.338Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Bureaucracy and the Bourgeoisie: Decentralization and Class Structure in Tanzania

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Joel Samoff
Joel Samoff
Affiliation:
The University of Michigan
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

A decade ago, most African states had proclaimed their commitment to centralized planning and administration. At the end of European rule, African leaders saw their countries as poor and malintegrated, but with great potential. That potential could be realized, they thought, only through firm central direction. Scarce resources, including capital and technology, had to be coordinated effectively and managed carefully. The few skilled personnel had to be located at key points. And the divisive tendencies of regional, religious, and ethnic differences had to be constrained by a centralized, national authority.

Type
The Effects of Reform
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , January 1979 , pp. 30 - 62
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ake, Claude (1976) ‘Explantory Notes on the Political Economy of Africa,’ Journal of Modern African Studies, 14: 1 (03), 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrighi, , Giovanni, , and Saul, John S. (1973) Essays on the Political Economy of Africa, New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Awiti, Adhu (1973) ‘Economic Differentiation in Ismani, Iringa Region,’ The African Review, 3: 2, 209–39.Google Scholar
Awiti Adhu (1975) ‘Ismani and the Rise of Capitalism,’ in Cliffe, et al. (1975), pp. 51–78.Google Scholar
Baguma, R. (1973) ‘Decentralization as a Strategy for Rural Transformation in Tanzania: Causes and Prospects,’ Dar es Salaam: Universities of East Africa Social Science Conference.Google Scholar
Balbus, Isaac (1971a) ‘The Concept of Interest in Pluralist and Marxian Analysis,’ Politics and Society, 1: 2 (02), 151–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balbus, Isaac (1971b) ‘Ruling Elite Theory vs. Marxist Class Analysis,’ Monthly Review, 23: 1 (05), 36–46.Google Scholar
Barker, Jonathan S. (1973) ‘Ujamaa in Cash-Crop Areas of Tanzania: Some Problems and Reflections,’ Journal of African Studies, 1: 4 (Winter), 411–63.Google Scholar
Barker, Jonathan S. (1976) ‘Socialism and the Rural Sector in Tanzania,’ Chicago: American Political Science Association Annual Meeting.Google Scholar
Barker, Jonathan S. and Saul, John S. (1973) ‘The Tanzanian Elections in Post-Arusha Perspective,’ in Election Study Committee (1974) pp. 9–43.Google Scholar
Henry, Bienen (1970) Tanzania: Party Tranformation and Economic Development, Princeton: Princeton University Press, expanded edition.Google Scholar
Boesen, Jannik (1972) ‘Development and Class Structure in a Smallholder Society and the Potential of Ujamaa,’ Copenhagen: Institute for Development Research.Google Scholar
Boesen, Jannik (1976) ‘Tanzania: From Ujamaa to Villageization,’ Copenhagen: Institute for Development Research; Toronto: Conference on Socialist Development in Tanzania,University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Bridges, Amy Beth (1974) ‘Nicos Poulantzas and the Marxist Theory of the State,’ Politics and Society, 4: 2 (Winter), 161–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amilcar, Cabral (1969) Revolution in Guinea, London: Stage 1.Google Scholar
Chambers, Robert (1974) Managing Rural Development: Ideas and Experience from East Africa, Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel (1964) ‘Nationalism and the Reaction to Enforced Agricultural Change during the Colonial Period’ (Kampala:Conference of East African Institute of Social Research); reprinted in Taamuli, 1: 1 (July 1970) and in Cliffe and Saul (1972b), pp. 17–24.Google Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel ed. (1967) One Party Democracy: The 1965 Tanzania General Elections, Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel (1973) ‘The Policy of Ujamaa Vijijini and the Class Struggle in Tanzania,’ in Cliffe and Saul (1973), pp. 195–211.Google Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel et al. , (1973) Rural Cooperation in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.Google Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel and Saul, John S. (1972a) ‘The District Development Front in Tanzania,’ in Cliffe and Saul (1972b), pp. 302–38.Google Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel and Saul, John S. eds. (1972b) Socialism in Tanzania, Vol. I: Politics, Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel and Saul, John S. eds. (1973) Socialism in Tanzania, Vol. II: Policies, Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Collins, Paul D. (1969) ‘A Preliminary Evaluation of the Working of the Regional Development Fund,’ Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar
Collins, Paul D. (1974) ‘The Working of Tanzania's Rural Development Fund: A Problem in Decentralization,’ in Rweyemamu and Mwansasu (1974), pp. 87–120.Google Scholar
Coulson, A. C. (1973) ‘A Simplified Political Economy of Tanzania’ Dar es Salaam: East African Universities Social Science Conference.Google Scholar
Coulson, A. C.(1975) ‘Peasants and Bureaucrats,’ Review of African Political Economy, 3 (05–10): 53–58.Google Scholar
Draper, Hal (1977) Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution. Part 1: State and Bureaucracy, New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Dryden, Stanley (1973) Local Administration in Tanzania, Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Eastern Africa Law Review (1972) ‘Public Enterprise and Law in Tanzania,’ 5: 1–2.Google Scholar
Election Study Committee, University of Dar es Salaam (1974) Socialism and Participation: Tanzania's 1970 National Elections, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.Google Scholar
Feldman, David (1969) ‘The Economics of Ideology: Some Problems of Achieving Rural Socialism in Tanzania,’ in Leys, Colin, ed. Politics and Change in Developing Countries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rayah, Feldman (1975) ‘Rural social differentiation and political goals,’ in Oxaal, Ivar et al. , ed., Beyond the Sociology of Development, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Finucane, James R. (1974) Rural Development and Bureaucracy in Tanzania: The Case of Mwanza Region, Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.Google Scholar
Foster-Carter, Aidan (1974) ‘Neo-Marxist Approaches to Development and Underdevelopment,’ in de Kadt, Emanuel and Williams, Gavin, eds., Sociology and Development, London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Girardin, Jean-Claude (1974) ‘On the Marxist Theory of the State,’ Politics and Society, 4: 2 (Winter), 193–233 (edited, abridged from Les Temps Modernes, Sept.-Oct. 1972).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, Glickman (1973) ‘Dilemmas of Political Theory in an African Context: The Ideology of Julius Nyerere,’ in Butler, Jeffrey and Castagno, A. S., eds., Boston University Papers on Africa: Transition in African Politics, New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Gold, David A., Lo, Clarence Y. H., and Wright, Erik Olin (1975) ‘Recent Developments in Marxist Theories of the Capitalist State,’ Monthly Review, 27: 5 (10), 29–43, and 27: 6 (Nov.), 36–51.Google Scholar
Green, Reginald Herbold (1976) ‘Tanzanian Goals, Strategies, Results: Notes Toward an Interim Assessment,’ Toronto:Conference on Socialist Development in Tanzania, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Heussler, Robert (1971) British Tanganyika: An Essay and Documents on District Administration, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Hill, Frances (1974) ‘Elections in the Local Context,’ in Election Study Committee (1974), 205–29.Google Scholar
Hill, Frances (1975) ‘Ujamaa: African Socialist Productionism in Tanzania,’ in Desfosses, Helen and Levesque, Jacques, eds., Socialism in the Third World, New York: Praeger, pp. 216–51.Google Scholar
Hill, Frances (1976) ‘Interdependence and De-Participation: The Politics of the Transnational class,’ Boston: African Studies Association Annual Meeting.Google Scholar
Frank, Holmquist (1975) ‘Class Structure and Rural Self-Help in Kenya and Tanzania,’ San Francisco:African Studies Association Annual Conference.Google Scholar
Hyden, Goran (1975) ‘We Must Run While Others Walk’: Policy-Making for Socialist Development in the Tanzania-Type of Polities,‘ Dar es Salaam: mimeo.Google Scholar
Hyden, Goran (1976) ‘The Politics of Cooperatives in Tanzania,’ in Mutaha, A. Z., et al. , eds., Cooperatives in Tanzania: Problems of Organisation, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.Google Scholar
Iliffe, John (1971) ‘Nationalism and the commercial economy in Tanganyika, 1954–61,’ London: University of London, mimeo.Google Scholar
The Insurgent Sociologist (1977) ‘Special Issue: Imperialism and the State,’ VII: 2 (Spring).Google Scholar
Kimambo, I. N. (1971) Mbiru: Popular Protest in Colonial Tanzania, Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Kjekshus, Helge (1972) ‘The Question Hour in Tanzania's Bunge,’ The African Review, 2:3, 351–79.Google Scholar
Kjekshus, Helge (1974) ‘Perspectives on the Second Parliament, 1965–1970,’ in Election Study Committee (1974), 60–95.Google Scholar
Kjekshus, Helge (1975) The Elected Elite: A Socio-Economic Profile of Candidates in Tan- zania's Parliamentary Election, 1970, Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies [Research Report No. 29].Google Scholar
Laclau, Ernesto (1975) ’The Specificity of the Political: around the Poulantzas-Miliband Debate,’ Politics and Society, 4: 1 (02), 87–110.Google Scholar
Leonard, David K. (1976) ‘Bureaucracy, Class and Inequality in Kenya and Tanzania,’ Mt. Kisco, N.Y.: Conference on Inequality in Africa.Google Scholar
Lofchie, Michael F. (1976) ‘Agrarian Socialism in the Third World: The Tanzanian Case,’ Comparative Politics, 8: 3 (04), 479–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lukwaro, Emmanuel A. (1972) ‘Decentralization of Regional Administration: A Case Study of Pare-Kilimanjaro Relationship,’ Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam, Senior Political Science Dissertation.Google Scholar
Madaraka Mikoani: Muundo Mpya wa Mijini (1973), Dar es Salaam: Prime Minister's Office, mimeo.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood (1975) ‘Class Struggles in Uganda,’ Review of African Political Economy, 4: 11, 26–61.Google Scholar
Mapolu, Henry (1972) ‘The Organization and Participation of Workers in Tanzania,’ The African Review, 2: 3, 381–415.Google Scholar
Mapolu, Henry ed., (1976) Workers and Management, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House [Tanzanian Studies Series No. 4].Google Scholar
Mapolu, Henry and Philippson, Gerald (1975) ‘Agricultural Co-Operation and the Development of the Productive Forces: Some Lessons from Tanzania,’ Tananarive: Conference on an Appraisal of the Relationship between Agricultural Development and Industrialisation in Africa and Asia.Google Scholar
Mihyo, Paschal (1975) ‘The Struggle for Workers’ Control in Tanzania,‘ Review of African Political Economy, 4: 11, 62–84.Google Scholar
Miliband, Ralph (1979) The State in Capitalist Society, London: Quartet Books (1973 reprint).Google Scholar
Miliband, Ralph(1973) ‘The Problem of the Capitalist State: Reply to Nicos Poulantzas,’ Blackburn, Robin, ed., in Ideology in Social Science, New York: Vintage, pp. 253–62; reprinted from New Left Review, 59 (Jan.-Feb. 1970).Google Scholar
Moore, M. P. (1974) ‘The Bureaucratic Perception of Policy Options,’ IDS Bulletin, 8: 2 (09), 27–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, E. Philip, ed., (1974) The Administration of Change in Africa, New York: Dunellen.Google Scholar
Mushi, S. S. (1977) ‘Regional Planning and Popular Participation in Tanzania: The Politics of Decentralized Administration,’ Rabat:Third Bi-Annual Conference of the African Association of Political Science.Google Scholar
Mutahaba, Gelase (1974) ‘Local Autonomy and National Planning: Complementary or Otherwise? Case Study from Tanzania,’ The African Review, 4:4, 509–30.Google Scholar
Muzo, D. R. S. et al. (1976) The Party: Essays on TANU, Dares Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House [University of Dares Salaam, Studies in Political Science No. 6].Google Scholar
Mwapachu, Juma Volter (1973) ‘Industrial Labour Protest in Tanzania: An Analysis of Influential Variables,’ The African Review, 3: 3, 383–401.Google Scholar
Nsari, K. (1975) ‘Tanzania: Neo Colonialism and the Struggle for National Liberation,’ Review of African Political Economy, 4: 11, 109–18.Google Scholar
Nyerere, Julius K. (1968) Freedom and Development, Dar es Salaam: Government Printer, reprinted in Nyerere (1973a), pp. 58–71.Google Scholar
Nyerere, Julius K. (1971) Ten Years After Independence, Dar es Salaam: Government Printer, reprinted in Nyerere (1973a), pp. 262–334.Google Scholar
Nyerere, Julius K. (1972) Decentralization, Dar es Salaam: Government Printer, reprinted in Nyerere (1973a), pp. 344–50.Google Scholar
Nyerere, Julius K. (1973a) Freedom and Development, Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nyerere, Julius K. (1973b) ‘The Rational Choice,’ in Nyerere (1973a), pp. 379–90.Google Scholar
Nyerere, Julius K. (1977) ‘The Arusha Declaration: Ten Years After,’ Washington: Embassy of Tanzania, mimeo.Google Scholar
O'Barr, Jean F., and Samoff, Joel, eds., (1978) Cell Leaders in Tanzania: Agents of Order and Change, Nairobi: East African Publishing House, forthcoming.Google Scholar
O'Connor, James (1975) ‘Productive and Unproductive Labor,’ Politics and Society, 5: 3, 297–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petras, James (1976) ‘Class and Politics in the Periphery and the Transition to Socialism,’ Review of Radical Political Economics, 8: 2 (Summer), 20–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulantzas, Nicos (1969) ‘The Problem of the Capitalist State,’ New Left Review, 58 (11–12); reprinted in Robin Blackburn, ed., Ideology in Social Science, New York: Vintage (1973), pp. 228–53.Google Scholar
Poulantzas, Nicos (1973a) ‘On Social Classes,’ New Left Review, 78 (03 04): 27–54.Google Scholar
Poulantzas, Nicos (1973b) Political Power and Social Classes, London: New Left Books, translation of 1968 French edition.Google Scholar
Poulantzas, Nicos (1974a) Classes in Contemporary Capitalism, London: New Left Books, translation of 1974 French edition.Google Scholar
Poulantzas, Nicos (1974b) Fascism and Dictatorship, London: New Left Books, translation of 1970 French edition.Google Scholar
Poulantzas, Nicos (1974c) ‘Internationalisation of capitalist relations and the Nation-State,’ Economy and Society, 3: 2 (05), 145–79; from Les Temps Modernes 319 (Feb. 1973).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulantzas, Nicos (1976a) ‘The Capitalist State: a Reply to Miliband and Laclau,’ New Left Review, 95 (01–02): 63–83.Google Scholar
Poulantzas, Nicos (1976b) The Crisis of the Dictatorships, London: New Left Books, translation of the 1975 French edition.Google Scholar
Pratt, R. Cranford, (1967) ‘The Administration of Economic Planning in a Newly Independent State: The Tanzanian Experience 1963–66,’ Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, 5:1 (03), 38–59; reprinted in Cliffe and Saul (1973), pp. 11–24.Google Scholar
Pratt, R. Cranford (1976) The Critical Phase in Tanzania 1945-1968, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Raikes, P. L. (1975) ‘Ujamaa and Rural Socialism,’ Review of African Political Economy, 3 (05–10): 33–52.Google Scholar
Raid, Jergen and Karen, Rald (1975) Rural Organization in Bukoba District, Tanzania (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies). Review of African Political Economy (1976) ‘The State in Africa’ 5 (Jan.-April).Google Scholar
Rodney, Walter (1971) ‘Some Implications of the Question of Disengagement from Imperialism,’ Maji Maji [Dar es Salaam], I: 1 (01), 3–8; reprinted in Cliffe and Saul (1973), pp. 350–53.Google Scholar
Rweyemamu, A. H. (1974a) ‘The Presidential Election,’ in Election Study Committee (1974), pp. 189–204.Google Scholar
Rweyemamu, A. H. (1974b) ‘Some Reflections on Decentralisation in Tanzania,’ in Rweye- mamu and Mwansasu (1974), pp. 121–31.Google Scholar
Rweyemamu, A. H. and Mwansasu, B. U., eds., (1974) Planning in Tanzania: Background to Decentralisation, Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.Google Scholar
Samoff, Joel (1973) ‘Cell Leaders in Tanzania: A Review of Recent Research,’ Taamuli 4: 1 (12), 63–75.Google Scholar
Samoff, Joel (1974) Tanzania: Local Politics and the Structure of Power, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Samoff, Joel (1976) ‘Education in Tanzania: Class Formation and Reproduction,’ Chicago: American Political Science Association Annual Meeting.Google Scholar
Samoff, Joel (1977a) ’Class, Class Conflict, and the State: Notes on the Political Economy of Africa,’ Houston: African Studies Association Annual Meeting.Google Scholar
Samoff, Joel (1977b) ‘Peasants, Participation, and Production: The Politics of Decentralization,’ Rabat:ThirdBi-Annual Conference of the African Association of Political Science.Google Scholar
Samoff, Joel and Samoff, Rachel (1976) ‘The Local Politics of Underdevelopment,’ The African Review 6: 1, 69–97.Google Scholar
Samoff, Joel and Samoff, Rachel (1977) ‘The Local Politics of Underdevelopment: The Tanzanian Experience,’ Politics and Society, 6: 4, 397–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saul, John S. (1972a) ‘African Socialism in One Country: Tanzania,’ Dakar: Symposium on Strategies for Development—Africa Compared with Latin America, reprinted in Arrighi and Saul (1973), pp. 237–335.Google Scholar
Saul, John S. (1972b) ‘Class and Penetration in Tanzania,’ in Cliffe and Saul (1972b), pp. 118–26.Google Scholar
Saul, John S. (1974) ‘The State in Post-Colonial Societies: Tanzania,’ Socialist Register 1974, London: Merlin Press, pp. 349–72.Google Scholar
Saul, John S. (1976) ‘The Unsteady State: Uganda, Obote and General Amin,‘ Review of African Political Economy, 5 (01–04): 12–38.Google Scholar
Schaffer, B. B. (1969) ‘The Deadlock in Development Administration,’ in Leys, Colin, ed., Politics and Change in Developing Countries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shaw, Martin (1974) ‘The theory of the state and politics: a central paradox of Marxism,’ Economy and Society, 3: 4 (11), 429–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shivji, Issa G. (1970) The Silent Class Struggle, [originally in Cheche, Dar es Salaam], Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House, 1973; reprinted in Cliffe and Saul (1973), pp. 304–58.Google Scholar
Shivji, Issa G. (1973a) ‘Capitalism Unlimited: Public Corporations in Partnership with Multinational Corporations,’ The African Review, 3: 3, 359–81.Google Scholar
Shivji, Issa G. (1973b) ‘Tanzania: The Class Struggle Continues,’ Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam, Institute of Development Studies, mimeo.Google Scholar
Shivji, Issa G. (1975) ‘Peasants and Class Alliances,’ Review of African Political Economy, 3(05–10):10–18.Google Scholar
Shivji, Issa G. (1976) Class Struggles in Tanzania, New York: Monthly Review Press. Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) (1971) TANU's Guidelines to Safeguard, Consolidate and Further the Tanzanian and African Revolution, Dar es Salaam; reprinted in O’Barr and Samoff (1976).Google Scholar
Tanzania, (1972a) The Decentralisation of Government Administration (Interim Provisions) Act, 1972.Google Scholar
Tanzania, (1972b) The Planning Commission Act, 1972.Google Scholar
Tanzania, (1972c) Staff Circular No. 8 of 1972: ‘Decentralisation: Administrative and Civil Service Procedures,’ President's Office, Central Establishment Division.Google Scholar
Thodenvan Velzen, H. U. E. van Velzen, H. U. E. (1973) ‘Staff, Kulaks and Peasants,’ in Cliffe and Saul (1973), pp. 153–79.Google Scholar
Thodenvan Velzen, H. U. E. van Velzen, H. U. E. and Sterkenburg, J. J. (1968) ‘Stirrings in the Tanzanian National Assem- bly,’ Kroniek van Afrika, 4: 298–305; reprinted in Cliffe and Saul (1972b), pp. 248–53.Google Scholar
Thodenvan Velzen, H. U. E. van Velzen, H. U. E. and Sterkenburg, J. J. (1969) ‘The Party Supreme,’ Kroniek van Afrika, 1: 65–75; reprinted in Cliffe and Saul (1972b), pp. 257–64.Google Scholar
Tordoff, William (1967) Government and Politics in Tanzania, Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Uchumi Editorial Board, eds. (1974) Towards Socialist Planning, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.Google Scholar
Van Hekken, P. M. and van Velzen, H. U. E. Thoden (1972) Land Scarcity and Rural Inequality in Tanzania, The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
von Freyhold, Michaela (1973) ‘The Government Staff and Ujamaa Villages (The Tanga Experience),’ Dar es Salaam: Universities of East Africa Social Science Conference.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel (1975a) ‘Class and Class Conflict in Africa,’ Monthly Review, 26: 9 (02), 34–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel (1975b) ‘Class Formation in the Capitalist World Economy,’ Politics and Society, 5: 367–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Gavin (1976) ‘Taking the Part of the Peasants: Rural Development in Nigeria and Tanzania,’ in Gutkind, Peter C. W. and Wallerstein, Immanuel, eds., The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa, Beverly Hills: Sage, pp. 131–54.Google Scholar
Wolfe, Alan (1974) ‘New Directions in the Marxist Theory of Politics,’ Politics and Society, 4: 2 (Winter), 131–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Erik Olin (1976) ‘Class Boundaries in Advanced Capitalist Societies,’ New Left Review, 98 (07–08): 3–41.Google Scholar