Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T04:58:15.479Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Company Oracle: Corporate Security and Diviner-Detectives in Angola's Diamond Mines

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 June 2017

Filipe Calvão*
Affiliation:
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva (IHEID)

Abstract

In 1957, the security force of Angola's colonial diamond mining company recruited African diviners to help them solve a case of diamond theft in Lunda. This event reveals a peculiar convergence of divinatory practices with techniques of corporate surveillance in Lunda's political economy of security. In their overlapping features of secrecy and control, divination and corporate security can be understood as historically aligned evidentiary practices, or what I call “corporate divination.” By examining divinatory rituals in tandem with the “occult” apparatus of corporate surveillance, and the figure of a colonial sorcerer-detective renowned for his “divinatory” prowess, I ask how such seemingly opposed modes of knowledge production eroded or shored up colonial rule. The cultural significance of divination within the context of a mining company, I suggest, exposes the conditions under which a colonial corporation appropriates the social world in which it intervenes, and conversely, the cultural resources that potentially shape or undermine corporate life in a colonial context.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akin, David W. 2013. Colonialism, Maasina Rule, and the Origins of Malaitan Kastom . Honolulu: University of Hawai`i Press.Google Scholar
Allen, Victor L. 1992. The History of Black Mineworkers in South Africa: The Techniques of Resistance, 1871–1948. Vol. 1. West Yorkshire: Moor Press.Google Scholar
Areia, M. L. Rodrigues de. 1985 [1978]. Les Symboles Divinatoires: Analyse Socio-Culturelle d'une Technique de Divination des Cokwe de L'Angola (Ngombo Ya Cisuka). Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra.Google Scholar
Areia, M. L. Rodrigues de. 1995. Introdução. In Centro de Estudos Africanos, ed., Diamang: Estudo do Património Cultural da Ex-Companhia de Diamantes de Angola. Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra, 710.Google Scholar
Bastin, Marie-Louise. 1961. Art Decoratif Tshokwe. Lisboa: Publicações Culturais do Museu do Dundo—Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, 55.Google Scholar
Bayly, C. A. 1996. Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Beattie, John. 1967. Divination in Bunyoro, Uganda. In Middleton, John, ed., Magic, Witchcraft, and Curing. Garden City, N.Y.: Natural History Press, 211–31.Google Scholar
Boeck, Filip de. 2001. Garimpeiro Worlds: Digging, Dying & ‘Hunting’ for Diamonds in Angola. Review of African Political Economy 28, 90: 548652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohannan, Paul J. 1973. Tiv Divination. In Beattie, J.H.M. and Lienhardt, R. G., eds., Studies in Social Anthropology: Essays in Memory of E. E. Evans-Pritchard by His Former Oxford Colleagues. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 149–66.Google Scholar
Bok, Sissela. 1982. Secrets: On the Ethics of Concealment and Revelation. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Brazeal, Brian. 2014. The Fetish and the Stone: A Moral Economy of Charlatans and Thieves. In Johnson, Paul, ed., The Work of “Possession” in Afro-Atlantic Religions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Breckenridge, Keith. 2014. The Biometric State. The Global Politics of Identification and Surveillance in South Africa, 1850 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cadete, Silvério. 2000. A Muxeta do Chagas. Diamante: Revista Pessoal Diamang.Google Scholar
Calvão, Filipe. 2013. The Transporter, the Agitator, and the Kamanguista: Qualia and the In/visible Materiality of Diamonds. Anthropological Theory 13, 12: 119–36.Google Scholar
Carstens, Peter. 2001. In the Company of Diamonds: De Beers, Kelinzee, and the Control of a Town. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Clarence-Smith, G. W. 1979. The Myth of Uneconomic Imperialism: The Portuguese in Angola, 1836–1926. Journal of Southern African Studies 5, 2: 165–80.Google Scholar
Clarence-Smith, G. W. 1985. Business Empires in Angola under Salazar, 1930–1961. African Economic History 14: 113.Google Scholar
Cleaver, Gerry. 2000. Subcontracting Military Power: The Privatization of Security in Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa. In Phythian, Mark, ed., Under the Counter and over the Border: Aspects of the Contemporary Trade in Illicit Arms. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Cleveland, Todd. 2015. Diamonds in the Rough: Corporate Paternalism and African Professionalism on the Mines of Colonial Angola, 1917–1975. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Cohn, Bernard S. 1980. History and Anthropology: The State of Play. Comparative Studies in Society and History 22, 2: 198221.Google Scholar
Cohn, Bernard S. 1996. Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean and Comaroff, John L.. 2001. Millennial Capitalism: First Thoughts on a Second Coming. In Comaroff, Jean and Comaroff, John L., eds., Millennial Capitalism and the Culture of Neoliberalism. Durham: Duke University Press, 156.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean and Comaroff, John L.. 2016. The Truth about Crime: Sovereignty, Knowledge, Social Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, John L. and Comaroff, Jean. 1992. Ethnography and the Historical Imagination. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick and Stoler, Ann, eds. 1997. Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Crush, Jonathan. 1994. Scripting the Compound: Power and Space in the South African Mining Industry. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12: 301–24.Google Scholar
D'Angelo, Lorenzo. 2014. Who Owns the Diamonds? The Occult Eco-Nomy of Diamond Mining in Sierra Leone. Africa 84, 2: 269–93.Google Scholar
Delachaux, T. 1946. Méthodes et Instruments de Divination en Angola. Acta Tropica 3, 2: 4172, and 138–49.Google ScholarPubMed
Departamento de Antropologia da Universidade de Coimbra (DAUC). Serviço de Informações e Diligências (SID). Diamang.Google Scholar
Dirks, Nicholas. 2001. Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Donham, Donald. 2011. Violence in as Time of Liberation: Murder and Ethnicity at a South African Gold Mine. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1976 [1937]. Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic among the Azande. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ferguson, James. 2006. Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Fleming, Ian. 1957. The Diamond Smugglers. Las Vegas: Thomas & Mercer.Google Scholar
Freyre, Gilberto. 1953. Aventura e Rotina: Sugestões de Uma Viagem à Procura das Constantes Portuguesas de Caráter e Ação. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio.Google Scholar
Geschiere, Peter. 2013. Witchcraft, Intimacy, and Trust: Africa in Comparison. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gluckman, Max. 1972. Moral Crises: Magical and Secular Solutions. In Gluckman, Max, ed., The Allocation of Responsibility. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 150.Google Scholar
Gordon, Robert. 1977. Mines, Masters, and Migrants: Life in a Namibian Mine Compound. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Howe, Herbert. 2004. Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publication.Google Scholar
Igreja, Victor. 2014. Memories of Violence, Cultural Transformations of Cannibals, and Indigenous State-Building in Post-Conflict Mozambique. Comparative Studies in Society and History 56, 3: 774802.Google Scholar
Igreja, Victor. 2015. Intersections of Sensorial Perception and Imagination in Divination Practices in Post-War Mozambique. Anthropological Quarterly 88, 3: 693723.Google Scholar
James, Wilmot G. 1992. Our Precious Metal: African Labour in South Africa's Gold Industry, 1970–1990. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Paul C. 2002. Secrets, Gossip, and Gods: The Transformation of Brazilian Candomblé. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Graham M. 2014. Secrecy. Annual Review of Anthropology 43: 5369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordán, Manuel. 1996. Tossing Life in a Basket: Art and Divination among Chokwe, Lunda, Luvale, and Related Peoples of Northwestern Zambia. PhD diss., University of Iowa.Google Scholar
Luongo, Katherine. 2011. Witchcraft and Colonial Rule in Kenya, 1900–1955. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcosson, Isaac F. 1921. An African Adventure. Norwood, Mass.: Plimpton Press.Google Scholar
Marques, Rafael. 2011. Diamantes de Sangue: Corrupção e Tortura em Angola. Lisboa: Tinta-da-China.Google Scholar
Masco, Joseph. 2014. The Theater of Operations: National Security Affect from the Cold War to the War on Terror. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Melley, Timothy. 2012. The Covert Sphere: Secrecy, Fiction, and the National Security State. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Moodie, T. Dunbar. 1980. The Formal and Informal Social Structure of a South African Gold Mine. Human Relations 33, 8: 555–74.Google Scholar
Moodie, T. Dunbar. 1994. Going for Gold: Men, Mines, and Migration. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Morris, Rosalind. 2000. In the Place of Origins: Modernity and Its Mediums in Northern Thailand. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Munn, Nancy D. 1986. The Fame of Gawa: A Symbolic Study of Value Transformation in a Massim (Papua New Guinea) Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Múrias, Manuel B. 2009. O Salazar Nunca mais Morre: Cartas de Africa em Tempos de Guerra e Amor. Lisboa: Planeta.Google Scholar
Nash, June. 1979. We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us: Dependency and Exploitation in Bolivian Tin Mines. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Obarrio, Juan. 2014. The Spirit of the Laws in Mozambique. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Palmié, Stephan. 2007. Genomics, Divination, “Racecraft.” American Ethnologist 34, 2: 205–22.Google Scholar
Park, George K. 1967. Divination and Its Social Contexts. In Middleton, John, ed., Magic, Witchcraft and Curing. Austin: University of Texas Press, 233–54.Google Scholar
Parkinson, Lute J. 1962. Memoirs of African Mining. n.p.: self-published.Google Scholar
Peek, Philip M., ed. 1991. Introduction: The Study of Divination, Present and Past. African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 122.Google Scholar
Pélissier, René. 1986. História das campanhas de Angola: resistência e revoltas (1845–1941). Vol. 1. Lisboa: Editorial Estampa.Google Scholar
Pels, Peter. 1999. A Politics of Presence: Contacts between Missionaries and Waluguru in Late Colonial Tanganyika. The Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Piot, Charles D. 1993. Secrecy, Ambiguity, and the Everyday in Kabre Culture. American Anthropologist 95, 2: 353–70.Google Scholar
Porto, Nuno. 2009. Modos de Objectificação da Dominação Colonial: O Caso do Museu do Dundo, 1940–1970. Lisboa: Textos Universitarios de Ciencias Sociais e Humanas. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian / FCT.Google Scholar
Pritchett, James A. 2001. The Lunda-Ndembu: Style, Change, and Social Transformation in South Central Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Rajak, Dinah. 2011. In Good Company: An Anatomy of Corporate Social Responsibility. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reno, William. 1995. Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Barrie. 1963. Magic, Divination and Witchcraft among the Barotse of Northern Rhodesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Santa, João. 1972. Diamantes de Angola mas não para Angola. Coimbra: self-published.Google Scholar
Scheppele, Kim Lane. 1988. Legal Secrets: Equality and Efficiency in the Common Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schmelzer, Gabriëlla H. and Gurib-Fakim, Ameenah, eds. 2008. Medicinal Plants: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa, Volume 11. Wageningen, Netherlands: PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa).Google Scholar
Shaw, Rosalind H. 1991. Splitting Truths from Darkness: Epistemological Aspects of Temme Divination. In Peek, Philip M., ed., African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 137–52.Google Scholar
Silva, Sónia. 2011. Along an African Border: Angolan Refugees and Their Divination Baskets. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, P. W. 2003. Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Smalberger, John M. 1974. The I.D.B. and the Mining Compound System in the 1880s. South African Journal of Economics 42, 4: 247–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smillie, Ian, Gberie, Lansana, and Hazleton, Ralph. 2000. The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds and Human Security. Darby, Penn.: Diane Publishing.Google Scholar
Smith, James H. 2008. Bewitching Development: Witchcraft and the Reinvention of Development in Neoliberal Kenya. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Stoler, Ann. 2002. Colonial Archives and the Arts of Governance. Archival Science 2: 87109.Google Scholar
Taussig, Michael. 1980. The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Taussig, Michael. 1999. Defacement: Public Secrecy and the Labor of the Negative. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor W. 1961. Ndembu Divination, Its Symbolism & Techniques. Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Issue 31. Manchester: Manchester University Press (Rhodes-Livingstone Institute).Google Scholar
Van Onselen, Charles. 1976. Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia, 1900–1933. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Varanda, Jorge. 2011. A Asa Protectora de Outros: As Relações Transcoloniais do Serviço de Saúde da Diamang. In Bastos, Cristiana and Barreto, Renilda, eds., A Circulação do Conhecimento: Medicina, Redes, e Impérios. Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 339–74.Google Scholar
Vincent, David. 2001. The Culture of Secrecy: Britain, 1832–1998. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Welker, Marina A. 2009. Corporate Security Begins in the Community: Mining, the Corporate Social Responsibility Industry, and Environmental Advocacy in Indonesia. Cultural Anthropology 24, 1: 142–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, Harry G. 2005. Kupilikula: Governance and the Invisible Realm in Mozambique. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
White, C.M.N. 1948. Witchcraft, Divination and Magic among the Balovale Tribes. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 18, 2: 81104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worger, William H. 1987. South Africa's City of Diamonds, Mine Workers and Monopoly Capitalism in Kimberley, 1867–1895. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar