Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T11:24:57.244Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Feudalism in Japan — a Reassessment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

John Whitney Hall
Affiliation:
Yale University

Extract

The question of whether Japan can rightly be said to “have had feudalism” is by no means settled. Although Westerners have been writing about “Japanese feudalism” for well over a hundred years, the acceptability of this practice is still a matter of controversy among professional historians, notably among those who make the study of medieval Europe their specialty. To a long line of Western historians ending with Herbert Norman, however, there was no question about the appropriateness of placing the feudal label on Japan. Nor does the contemporary Japanese historian question a term which has become so important a part of his professional as well as everyday vocabulary. In a Japan in which the reading public is daily reminded that the “struggle against feudalism” is still being waged, feudalism seems a present reality which by its very nature cannot be denied to have existed in Japan's past.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1962

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Keiji, Nagahara, Nihon hōkenshakai ron (Tokyo, 1955), 8.Google Scholar

2 Bloch, Marc, Feudal Society (Chicago, 1961), 441ff.;Google ScholarLyon, Bryce, The Middle Ages in Recent Historical Thought (Washington, Service Center for Teachers of History, 1959), 13.Google Scholar

3 Coulborn, Rushton, Feudalism in History (Princeton, 1956), 185; 199.Google Scholar

4 Bloch, Feudal Society, xvii.

5 Isō, Kimura, Nihon hōkenshakai kenkyū shi (Tokyo, 1956), 4.Google Scholar

6 Contained in Busk, M. M., ed., Manners and Customs of the Japanese in the 19th Century (New York, 1841), 142.Google Scholar

7 Sir Alcock, Rutherford, The Capital of the Tycoon (London, 1863), 109.Google Scholar

8 William Eliot Griffis, untitled manuscript, Rutgers University Library.

9 Marx, Karl, Capital (Chicago, 1912), 789.Google Scholar

10 Kimura ISŌ, Nihon hōlcenshakai, 5.

11 Kenji, Maki, Nihon hōkenseido seiritsu shi (Tokyo, 1935), 12.Google Scholar

12 Lenin, V. I., The Development of Capitalism in Russia (Moscow, 1956), 190192.Google Scholar

13 Asakawa, K., “Some Aspects of Japanese Feudal Institutions”, TAN, XLVI, Part 1 (1918), 77102.Google Scholar

14 Longrais, Jouön des, L'Est et L 'Ouest (Tokyo, Paris, 1958).Google Scholar

15 Bryce Lyon, The Middle Ages, 13.

16 Rushton Coulborn, Feudalism, 246–247.

17 Ibid., 4–5.

18 Ibid., 5–6.

19 Bryce Lyon, The Middle Ages, 17.

20 Wittfogel, K. A., Oriental Despotism (New Haven, 1957), 414415.Google Scholar

21 Weber, Max, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Glencoe, Ill., 1947), 375376.Google Scholar

22 Maitland, F. W., The Constitutional History of England (Cambridge, 1931), 22.Google Scholar

23 I am indebted to Professor Karl Deutsch of Yale University for this point.

24 Levy, Marion J., Jr., “Contrasting Factors in the Modernization of China and Japan”, Economic Development and Cultural Change II. 3 (10., 1953), 193, n. 3.Google Scholar

25 Lenin, Capitalism in Russia, 191–192.

26 Asakawa, “Some Aspects”, 78–79.

27 Conversation with Professor Karl Deutsch.

28 Asakawa, K., The Documents of Iriki (Tokyo, 1955),Google Scholar

29 Asakawa, K., “The Early Sh6 and the Early Manor”, Journal of Economic and Business History, 1.2 (02., 1929). Also des Longrais, L'Est et L'Ouest, 7–103.Google Scholar

30 Bryce Lyon, Middle Ages, 13.

31 An excellent survey of the problem of Yoritomo's rise to power is found in Minoru Shinoda, The Founding of the Kamakura Shogunate 1180–1185 (New York, 1960), especially 114144.Google Scholar

32 Seiichirō, Senō, “Hizen-no-kuni ni okeru Kamakura gokenin”, Nihon rekishi, 117 (03, 1958), 35.Google Scholar

33 Shin'ichi, Satō, “Bakufu ron”, Shin Nihonshi kōza (Tokyo, 1951), 1417Google Scholar; Tadashi, Ishimoda, “Kamakura seiken no seiritsu katei ni tsuite”, Rekishigaku kenkyu, 200 (10., 1956), 15.Google Scholar

34 This perspective has been gained chiefly through local studies in regions other than the Kantō and southern Kyushu. A notable study of the balance between civil and military authority in the province of Bizen is contained in Madoka, Kanai, “Kamakura jidai Bizen kokugaryto ni tsuite”, Nihon rekishi, 150 (12., 1960), 3654.Google Scholar

35 Asakawa, K., “The Life of a Monastic Sho in Medieval Japan”, Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1916, I (1919), 311346.Google Scholar

36 For an example of the rise of a powerful shugo house see Hisato, Matsuoka, “Ōuchishi no hatten to sono ryōkoku shihai”, in Uozumi Sōgorō, ed., Daimyō ryōkoku to jōamachi (Tokyo, 1957), 2498.Google Scholar

37 Toranosuke, Nishioka, “Chūsei shōen ni okeru jitō;”, in Shōenshi no kenkyū (30, Tokyo, 1956–1957), 3. 783857.Google Scholar

38 Hiroshi, Sugiyama, “Muromachi bakufu”, in Nihon rekishi kōza (Tokyo, 1956), 3. 49.Google Scholar

39 Hall, J. W., “Foundations of the Modern Japanese Daimyo”, JAS, XX.3 (05, 1961), 322323.Google Scholar

40 Asakawa, lriki, 29.

41 Mitsuo, Shimizu, Nihon chūsei no sonraku (Tokyo, 1942), 121166.Google Scholar

42 Asakawa, Iriki, 44.

43 The recent trend among Japanese historians to view the seventeenth century as the culmination of feudalism in Japan rests largely on economic grounds. The foremost advocate of this view is Araki Moriaki (see his “Taikō kenchi no rekishiteki igi”, Rekishigaka kenkyū 167 (01., 1954), 1223).Google Scholar

44 Asakawa, “Some Aspects”, 101.

45 Reischauer, E. O., “Japan”, in Coulborn, Feudalism in History, 3637.Google Scholar

46 Hall, J. W., “The Castle Town and Japan's Modern Urbanization”, FEQ, XV.1 (11., 1955), 4145.Google Scholar

47 The Hitotsubashi branch of the Tokugawa house received 100,000 hyō (bales) of rice.

48 See Madoka, Kanai, “Dokai kōshūki ni okeru bakuhan taisei no ichi hyōgen”, Shinano, 3.6 (06, 1951), 3747.Google Scholar

49 J. W. Hall, “The Modern Japanese Daimyo”, 327–328.

50 See Asakawa, K., “Notes on Village Government in Japan after 1600”, LAOS, XXXXXXI (1910–1911), 259300; 151–216Google Scholar. Also Smith, T. C., The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan (Stanford, 1959), 2425.Google Scholar

51 For an attempt to apply the feudal concept to Nazi Germany see Koehl, Robert, “Feudal Aspects of National Socialism”, The American Political Science Review, LIV.4 (12., 1960).Google Scholar

52 E. O. Reischauer, “Japan”, in Coulbom, Feudalism in History, 46. See also Reischauer, E. O., “Our Asian Frontiers of Knowledge”, University of Arizona Bulletin, Riecker Memorial Lecture No. 4, (Tucson, 1958) for a fuller treatment of this idea.Google Scholar