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The Social Causation of the Courtly Love Complex

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Herbert Moller
Herbert Moller
Affiliation:
Boston University
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Extract

How to account for the courtly love complex of the troubadours and minnesingers has been an unsolved puzzle ever since the romanticists discovered it as a scholarly problem. For about three generations, in the 12th and 13th centuries, Provençal and German lyrical poetry was preoccupied with a strangely uneven love pattern. In the classic version of this poetry, the male lover presents himself as engrossed in a yearning desire for the love of an exceedingly beautiful and perfect woman whose strange emotional aloofness and high social status make her appear hopelessly distant. But the frustrated and sorrowful lover cannot overcome his fascination and renders faithful “love service” to this “high-minded” and exacting lady who reciprocates in a surprising manner: She does not grant him the amorous “reward” which he craves, but she gives him what immeasurably increases his “worth”: She rewards him with approval and reassurance. The great lady accepts him as being worthy of her attention, but only at the price of behavioral restraint and refinement of manners, that is, at the price of courtois behavior. As the contemporaries put it, courtoisie is the result of courtly love.

Type
Research Article
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 1 , Issue 2 , January 1959 , pp. 137 - 163
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1959

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60 Boutruche, Crise d’une société, pp. 287, 356; Aubenas, R., “La famille dans l‘ancienne Provence,” Annales d’hist. éc. et soc, VIII (1936), pp. 523–24Google Scholar; Brinkmann, H., Entstehungsgeschichte des Minnesangs (Halle, Niemeyer, 1926), p. 35Google Scholar. In Poitou, Richard Lionheart had such a marriage divorced; Richard, , Comtes de Poitou II, p. 254Google Scholar.

61 Giraut de Bornelh, no. 40: 24–40; for comment, ibid., II, p. 79.

62 de Peguilhan, Aimeric, The Poems, ed. and trans. Shepard, William F. and Chambers, Frank M. (Evanston, I11., Northwestern University Press, 1950), no. 29: 22–28, pp. 158–59Google Scholar. Wechssler, E., Das Kulturproblem des Minnesangs (Halle, Niemeyer, 1909), I, p. 154Google Scholar.

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64 Reinmar in Minnesangs Frühling, 171: 11–12. See also de Ventadour, Bernard, Seine Lieder, ed. Appel, C. (Halle, Niemeyer, 1915), no. 43: 25–32Google Scholar; Giraut de Bomelh, no. 25: 92–95; no. 51: 16–30; no. 52: 45–55.

65 de Marseille, Folquet, Le troubadour Folquet de Marseille, ed. Stronski, S. (Cracow. Académie des Sciences, 1910), no. 11Google Scholar. See also Giraut de Bornelh, no. 47: 96–114, and passim; Naumann, Hans, Deutsche Kultur im Zeitalter des Rittertums (Potsdam, Athenaion, 1938), p. 141Google Scholar.

66 Marcabru, , Poésies complètes du troubadour Marcabru, ed. Dejeanne, J.–M.–L. (Toulouse, Privat, 1909), no. 4: 45–46; no. 6: 45–58Google Scholar; von Ouwe, Hartman in Minnesangs Frühling, 214: 12–15; 216: 29–217:13Google Scholar; see also 207: 23–24; Wulff, , Frauenfeindliche Dichtungen, pp. 167–68Google Scholar.

67 Peirol, , Peirol: A Troubadour of Auvergne, ed. Aston, S. C. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1953), no. 23: 1–6; no. 25: 69–72Google Scholar; and “Introduction,” p. 21. Rejection of “unrewarded” love service increased in the course of the 13th century; it appeared in a very outspoken form in Tannhäuser's poetry; Lang, , Tannhäuser, pp. 101–2Google Scholar; Singer, , Mittelalterliche Literatur, p. 145Google Scholar; Korn, , Studien, pp. 34, 79–81Google Scholar; Appel, , Bertran von Born, pp. lxiv–lxvi, lxxviii–lxxixGoogle Scholar; Capellanus, Andieas, Courtly Love, p. 185: “Rules of Love,” no. 11Google Scholar.

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69 von der Vogelweide, Walther, Lieder und Sprüche, ed. Wilmanns, W. and Michels, V., 4th ed. (Halle, Waisenhaus, 1924), 28: 31Google Scholar. On the growing number of unenfeoffed ministeriales and knights, Schmitthenner, , “Lehnskriegswesen,” p. 254Google Scholar; Wilmanns, W. and Michels, V., Leben und Dichten Walthers von der Vogelweide, 2nd ed. (Halle, Waisenhaus, 1916), pp. 7, 391 n.s 15–17Google Scholar. On the increasing subdivision of noble property and especially the small size of the average fief of ministeriales in Bavaria, Dollinger, , Classes rurales, pp. 90–92Google Scholar.

70 Giraut de Bornelh, no. 75: 19–20; d’Auvergne, Peire, Die Lieder Peires von Auvergne, ed. Zenker, R. (Erlangen, Junge, 1900), no. 12: 19–24Google Scholar; Wilmanns, and Michels, , Leben, p. 293Google Scholar. On mutual jealousies and frictions, ibid., p. 188; Kluckhohn, , Ministerialität, pp. 102, 132–38Google Scholar; Wechssler, , Kulturproblem, I, p. 94Google Scholar.

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72 Bernard de Ventadour, no. 21: 9–11; Giraut de Bornelh, no. 59:17–24; 33–40; no. 25: 30–35.

73 Capellanus, Andreas, Courtly Love, pp. 53–54, 93, 120Google Scholar. In the same vein, von Zirclaria, Thomasin, Der Wälsche Gast, ed. Rückert, H., lines 1593–1606Google Scholar; and Freidank, 54:6, “He who is virtuous is wellborn”. On morum probitas and the nobility of the heart, Wechssler, , Kulturproblem, I, pp. 52–54Google Scholar. The dependence of true nobility on behavior was denied again when the noble class considered itself closed; it was debated anew in the 15th and 16th centuries, e.g. by Castiglione.

74 Les chansons de Jaufré Rudel, ed. Jeanroy, A., 2nd ed. (Paris, 1924), no. 4: 12–21Google Scholar, as trans, and interpreted by Denomy, A. J., “Fin’ Amors: The Pure Love of the Troubadours, Its Amorality and Possible Source,” Mediaeval Studies, VII (1945), pp. 161–63Google Scholar.

75 Giuraut de Bornelh, no. 37: 1–9; also no. 58: 36–37; no. 76: 41–48, the poet as a moral guide.

76 E.g., a poem by Giraut de Bornelh, no. 47: 58–76. Huizinga, Waning, chap. V.

77 Williamson, Robert W., Essays in Polynesian Ethnology, ed. Piddington, R. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1939), pp. 183–85,193–98Google Scholar; Mühlmann, Wilhelm E., Die geheime Gesellschaft der Arioi: Eine Studie über polynesische Geheimbünde (Leiden, Brill, 1932), pp. 59, 68–74Google Scholar.