Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-s6l46 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-30T05:14:36.067Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Family cohesion and the relations among peer victimization and depression: A random intercepts cross-lagged model

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 March 2021

Stephanie S. Fredrick Open the ORCID record for Stephanie S. Fredrick [Opens in a new window] ,
Amanda B. Nickerson Open the ORCID record for Amanda B. Nickerson [Opens in a new window]  and
Jennifer A. Livingston
Stephanie S. Fredrick*
Affiliation:
Alberti Center for Bullying Abuse Prevention, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
Amanda B. Nickerson
Affiliation:
Alberti Center for Bullying Abuse Prevention, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
Jennifer A. Livingston
Affiliation:
School of Nursing, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Stephanie S. Fredrick, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Alberti Center for Bullying Abuse Prevention, 433 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260; Email: ssfredri@buffalo.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The relation between peer victimization and depressive symptoms is complex, requiring the use of methodologically rigorous designs to examine these relations and potential mediating factors. The current study used a random intercepts cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) to investigate both between-person and within-person associations in peer victimization, depressive symptoms, and family cohesion across five waves in a sample of adolescents (N = 801, ages 13–15 years at recruitment) in the Northeast. We also investigated the moderating effects of sex and victimization status (i.e., bullying victimization vs. peer victimization). Overall, findings revealed a reciprocal relation between peer victimization and depressive symptoms for females, but no relation for males. A reciprocal relation between peer victimization and family cohesion was found for males. No significant differences were found by victimization status. Future research on peer victimization and associated outcomes and the role of family should account for both between-person and within-person variance.

Keywords

adolescencedepressionfamily cohesionpeer victimization

Information

Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 34 , Issue 4 , October 2022 , pp. 1429 - 1446
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Albayrak, S., Biçer, S., & Aşık, E. (2014). The impact of the adolescent-parent relationship on peer victimization. The Journal of MacroTrends in Health and Medicine, 2, 1–9. Retrieved from http://www.macrojournals.comGoogle Scholar
Baer, J. (2002). Is family cohesion a risk or protective factor for adolescent development? Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 668–675. doi:10.1111/j.17413737.2002.00668.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, B. K., & Buehler, C. (1996). Family cohesion and enmeshment: Different constructs, different effects. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 433–441. doi:10.2307/353507CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, G. M., Hoffman, H. H., Welte, J. W., Farrell, M. P., & Dintcheff, B. A. (2006). Effects of parental monitoring and peer deviance on substance use and delinquency. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 1084–1104. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00315.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 3, 497–529. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bear, G. G., Mantz, L. S., Glutting, J. J., Yang, C., & Boyer, D. E. (2015). Differences in bullying victimization between students with and without disabilities. School Psychology Review, 44, 98–116. doi:10.17105/SPR44-1.98-116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilsky, S. A., Cole, D. A., Dukewich, T. L., Martin, N. C., Sinclair, K. R., Tran, C. V., … Maxwell, M. A. (2013). Does supportive parenting mitigate the longitudinal effects of peer victimization on depressive thoughts and symptoms in children? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 406–419. doi:10.1037/a0032501CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blake, J. J., Lund, E. M., Zhou, Q., Kwok, O. M., & Benz, M. R. (2012). National prevalence rates of bully victimization among students with disabilities in the United States. School Psychology Quarterly, 27, 210–222. doi:10.1037/spq0000008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradley, K. L., Bagnell, A. L., & Brannen, C. L. (2010). Factorial validity of the center for epidemiological studies depression 10 in adolescents. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31, 408–412. doi:10.3109/01612840903484105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branje, S. J., Hale, W. W., Frijns, T., & Meeus, W. (2010). Longitudinal associations between perceived parent-child relationship quality and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 751–763. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9401-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, T., Sticca, F., & Perren, S. (2017). Everything's gonna be alright! The longitudinal interplay among social support, peer victimization, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46, 1999–2014. doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0653-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carbone-Lopez, K., Esbensen, F., & Brick, B. T. (2010). Correlates and consequences of peer victimization: Gender differences in direct and indirect forms of bullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 8, 332–350. doi:10.1177/1541204010362954CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cascardi, M., Brown, C., Iannarone, M., & Cardona, N. (2014). The problem with overly broad definitions of bullying: Implications for the schoolhouse, the statehouse, and the ivory tower. Journal of School Violence, 13, 253–276. doi:10.1080/15388220.2013.846861CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X., & Li, B. S. (2000). Depressed mood in Chinese children: Development significance for social and school adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24, 472–479. doi:10.1080/016502500750038026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, H., & Mui, A. C. (2014). Factorial validity of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale short form in older population in China. Int Psychogeriatr, 26, 49–57. doi:10.1017/S1041610213001701CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cillessen, A. H. N., & Lansu, T. A. M. (2015). Stability, correlates, and time-covarying associations of peer victimization from grade 4 to 12. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44, 456–470. doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.958841CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colarossi, L. G., & Eccles, J. S. (2003). Differential effects of support providers on adolescents’ mental health. Social Work Research, 27. doi:10.1093/swr/27.1.19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25, 65–83. doi:10.1037/a0020149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curran, P. J., Howard, A. L., Bainter, S. A., Lane, S. T., & McGinley, J. S. (2014). The separation of between-person and within-person components of individual change over time: A latent curve model with structured residuals. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 82, 879–894. doi:10.1037/a0035297CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, J. P., Merrin, G. J., Ingram, K. M., Espelage, D. L., Valido, A., & El Sheikh, A. J. (2019). Examining pathways between bully victimization, depression, & school belonging among early adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 2365–2378. doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01340-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
deLara, E. W. (2012). Why adolescents don't disclose incidents of bullying and harassment. Journal of School Violence, 11, 288–305. doi:10.1080/15388220.2012.705931CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desjardins, T. L., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2011). Relational victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescence: Moderating effects of mother, father, and peer emotional support. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 531–544. https://doi/org/10.1007/s10964-010-9562-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dormann, C., & Griffin, M. A. (2015). Optimal time lags in panel studies. Psychological Methods, 20, 489–505. doi:10.1037/met0000041CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egon, B., Marius, N., & Herbert, B. (2018). The relationship between peer victimization, perceived parental support, family characteristics and internalizing symptoms. A cross-sectional study. The Open Family Studies Journal, 10, 9–20. doi:10.2174/1874922401810010009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espelage, D. L., Low, S., Rao, M. A., Hong, J. S., & Little, T. (2014). Family violence, bullying, fighting, and substance use among adolescents: A longitudinal mediational model. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24, 337–349. doi:10.1111/jora.12060CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, M. P., & Barnes, G. M. (1993). Family systems and social support: A test of the effects of cohesion and adaptability on the functioning of parents and adolescents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 55, 119–132. doi:10.2307/352963CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felix, E. D., Sharkey, J. D., Green, J. G., Furlong, M. J., & Tanigawa, D. (2011). Getting precise and pragmatic about the assessment of bullying: The development of the California Bullying Victimization Scale. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 234–247. doi:10.1002/ab.20389CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forster, M., Dyal, S. R., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Chou, C. P., Soto, D. W., & Unger, J. B. (2013). Bullying victimization as a mediator of associations between cultural/familial variables, substance use, and depressive symptoms among Hispanic youth. Ethnicity & Health, 18, 415–432. doi:10.1080/13557858.2012.754407CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, C. E., Horwitz, A., Thomas, A., Opperman, K., Gipson, P., Burnside, A., … King, C. A. (2017). Connectedness to family, school, peers and community in socially vulnerable adolescents. Child Youth Services Review, 81, 321–331. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.08.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gladden, R. M., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Hamburger, M. E., & Lumpkin, C. D. (2014). Bullying surveillance among youths: Uniform definitions for public health and recommended data elements, version 1.0. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Department of Education.Google Scholar
Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Stuhlmacher, A. F., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., & Halpert, J. A. (2003). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Moving from markers to mechanisms of risk. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 447–466. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.447CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gruber, J., & Fineran, S. (2016). Sexual harassment, bullying, and school outcomes for high school girls and boys. Violence Against Women, 22, 112–133. doi:10.1177/1077801215599079CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamaker, E. L. (2018). How to run the RI-CLPM with Mplus. Retrieved from https://www.statmodel.com/download/RI-CLPM%20Hamaker%20input.pdfGoogle Scholar
Hamaker, E. L., Kuiper, R. M., & Grasman, R. P. P. P. (2015). A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychological Methods, 20, 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038889CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Healy, K. L., & Sanders, M. R. (2018). Mechanisms through which supportive relationships with parents and peers mitigate victimization, depression and internalizing problems in children bullied by peers. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 49, 800–813. doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0793-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53–60. Retrieved from www.ejbrm.comGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, L. N., Fredrick, S. S., & Wenger, J. (2018). Peer victimization and social emotional outcomes: The role of teacher and peer support. Aggressive Behavior, 44, 176–184. doi:10.1002/ab.21741CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaltiala-Heino, R., Fröjd, S., & Marttunen, M. (2010). Involvement in bullying and depression in a 2-year follow-up in middle adolescence. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19, 45–55. doi:10.1007/s00787-009-0039-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kert, A. S., Codding, R. S., Tryon, G. S., & Shiyko, M. (2010). Impact of the word “bully” on the reported rate of bullying behavior. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 193–204. https://doi/org/10.1002/pits.20464CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilburn, K., Prencipe, L., Hjelm, L., Peterman, A., Handa, S., & Palermo, T. (2018). Examination of performance of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale short form 10 among African youth in poor, rural households. BMC Psychiatry, 18. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1774-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kochel, K. P., Ladd, G. W., & Rudolph, K. D. (2012). Longitudinal associations among youth's depressive symptoms, peer victimization, and low peer acceptance: An interpersonal process perspective. Child Development, 83, 637–650. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01722.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladd, G. W., Ettekal, I., & Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. (2017). Peer victimization trajectories from kindergarten through high school: Differential pathways for school engagement and achievement? Journal of Educational Psychology, 109, 826–841. doi:10.1037/edu0000177CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, T., & Kao, G. (2018). Hit, robbed, and put down (but not bullied): Underreporting of bullying by minority and male students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47, 619–635. doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0748-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, A., & Chokkanathan, S. (2008). Factor structure of the 10-item CES-D scale among community dwelling older adults in Singapore. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 592–597. doi:10.1002/gps.1944CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lereya, S. T., Samara, M., & Wolke, D. (2013). Parenting behavior and the risk of becoming a victim and a bully/victim: A meta-analysis study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37, 1091–1108. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.03.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lester, L., Dooley, J., Cross, D., & Shaw, T. (2012). Internalising symptoms: An antecedent or precedent in adolescent peer victimization. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 22, 173–189. https://10.1017/jgc.2012.25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, A. J., Kremer, P., Douglas, K., Toumborou, J. W., Hameed, M. A., Patton, G. C., & Williams, J. (2015). Gender differences in adolescent depression: Differential female susceptibility to stressors affecting family functioning. Australian Journal of Psychology, 67, 131–139. doi:10.1111/ajpy.12086CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lippold, M. A., Fosco, G. M., Hussong, A., & Ram, N. (2019). Child effects on lability in parental warmth and hostility: Moderation by parents’ internalizing problems. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48, 963–978. doi:10.1007/s10964-019-00983-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livingston, L., Derrick, J., Testa, M., Wang, W., Nickerson, A., Espelage, D., & Miller, K. (2019). Proximal associations among bullying, mood, and substance use: A daily report study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 2558–2571. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1109-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mansournia, M. A., Etminan, M., Danaei, G., & Collins, G. (2017). Handling time varying confounding in observational research. BMJ, 359, j4587. doi:10.1136/bmj.j4587CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manzi, C., Vignoles, V. L., Regalia, C., & Scabini, E. (2006). Cohesion and enmeshment revisited: Differentiation, identity, and well-being in two European cultures. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 673–689. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00282.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, H. W., Craven, R. G., Parker, P. D., Parada, R. H., Guo, J., Dicke, T., & Abduljabbar, A. S. (2016). Temporal ordering effects of adolescent depression, relational aggression, and victimization over six waves: Fully latent reciprocal effect models. Developmental Psychology, 52, 1994–2009. https://doi/org/10.1037/dev0000241CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mastrotheodoros, S., Canário, C., Gugliandolo, M. C., Merkas, M., & Keijsers, L. (2020). Family functioning and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems: Disentangling between-, and within-family associations. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49, 804–817. doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01094-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKeown, R. E., Garrison, C. Z., Jackson, K. L., Cuffe, S. P., Addy, C. L., & Waller, J. L. (1997). Family structure and cohesion, and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 7, 267–281. doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0703_2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meadows, S. O., Brown, J. S., & Elder, G. H. (2006). Depressive symptoms, stress, and support: Gendered trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 93–103. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9021-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 602–611. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohammadreza, M., Nguyen, V., McNeil, J. J., Woods, R. L., Nelson, M. R., Shah, R. C., … & ASPREE Investigator Group. (2018). Psychometric properties of a short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D-10) scale for screening depressive symptoms in healthy community dwelling older adults. General Hospital Psychiatry, 51, 118–125. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.08.002Google Scholar
Morrow, M. T., Hubbard, J. A., Barhight, L. J., & Thomson, A. K. (2014). Fifth-grade children's daily experiences of peer victimization and negative emotions: Moderating effects of sex and peer rejection. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 1089–1102. doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9870-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Musu, L., Zhang, A., Wang, K., Zhang, J., & Oudekerk, B. A. (2019). Indicators of school crime and safety: 2018 (NCES 2019-047/NCJ 252571). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.Google Scholar
National Center for Education Statistics (2018). Digest of Education Statistics. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d18/tables/dt18_230.40.asp?current=yesGoogle Scholar
Nickerson, A. B., & Nagle, R. J. (2005). Parent and peer attachment in late childhood and early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 25, 223–249. doi:10.1177/0272431604274174CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishina, A. (2012). Microcontextual characteristics of peer victimization experiences and adolescents’ daily well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41, 191–201. doi:10.1007/s10964-011-9669-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolan, S. A., Flynn, C., & Garber, J. (2003). Prospective relations between rejection and depression in young adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 745–755. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.745CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olson, D. H., Portner, J., & Lavee, Y. (1985). FACES-III: Family adaptability and cohesion scales. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Family Social Science.Google Scholar
Olweus, D. (1999). Sweden. In Smith, P. K., Morita, Y., Junger-Tas, J., Olweus, D., Catalano, R. & Slee, P. (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp. 7–27). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Panak, W. F., & Garber, J. (1992). Role of aggression, rejection, and attributions in the prediction of depression in children. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 145–165. doi:10.1017/S0954579400005617CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pouwels, J. L., Souren, P. M., Lansu, T. A. M., & Cillesson, A. H. N. (2016). Stability of peer-victimization: A meta-analysis of longitudinal research. Developmental Review, 40, 1–24. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2016.01.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pouwelse, M., Bolman, C., Lodewijkx, H., & Spaa, M. (2011). Gender differences and social support: Mediators or moderators between peer victimization and depressive feelings? Psychology in the Schools, 48, 800–814. doi:10.1002/pits.20589CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prinstein, M. J., Borelli, J. L., Cheah, C. S. L., Simon, V. A., & Aikins, J. W. (2005). Adolescent girls’ interpersonal vulnerability to depressive symptoms: A longitudinal examination of reassurance-seeking and peer relationships. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 676–688. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.676CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Queen, A. H., Stewart, L. M., Ehrenreich-May, J., & Pincus, D. B. (2013). Mothers’ and fathers’ ratings of family relationship quality: Associations with preadolescent and adolescent anxiety and depressive symptoms in a clinical sample. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 44, 351–360. doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0329-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., & Telch, M. J. (2010). Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 244–252. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reinherz, H. Z., Stewart-Berghauer, G., Pakiz, B., Frost, A. K., Moeykens, B. A., & Holmes, W. M. (1989). The relationship of early risk and current mediators to depressive symptomatology in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 942–947. doi:10.1097/00004583-198911000-00021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., Tilson, M., & Seeley, J. R. (1990). Dimensionality of coping and its relation to depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 499–511. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.58.3.499CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sameroff, A. J., & Mackenzie, M. J. (2003). Research strategies for capturing transactional models of development: The limits of the possible. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 613–640. doi:10.1017/s0954579403000312CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sapouna, M., & Wolke, D. (2013). Resilience to bullying victimization: The role of the individual, family, and peer characteristics. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 997–1006. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.05.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schacter, H. L., White, S. J., Chang, V. Y., & Juvonen, J. (2015). Why me?”: Characterological self-blame and continued victimization in the first year of middle school. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44, 446–455. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.865194CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, D., Gorman, A. H., Nakamoto, J., & Toblin, R. L. (2005). Victimization in the peer group and children's academic functioning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 425–435. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.3.425CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, D., Lansford, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2015). Peer victimization during middle childhood as a lead indicator of internalizing problems and diagnostic outcomes in late adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44, 393–404. doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.881293CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sliwinski, M. (2008). Measurement burst designs for social health research. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 245–261. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00043.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solberg, M., & Olweus, D. (2003). Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus/Bully Victim Questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 239–268. doi:10.1002/ab.10047CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strom, I. F., Thoresen, S., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Sagatun, A., & Dyb, G. (2014). A prospective study of the potential moderating role of social support in preventing marginalization among individuals exposed to bullying and abuse in junior high school. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1642–1657. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0145-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, T. N., Farrell, A. D., & Kliewer, W. (2006). Peer victimization in early adolescence: Association between physical and relational victimization and drug use, aggression, and delinquent behaviors among urban middle school students. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 119–137. doi:10.10170S095457940606007XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swearer, S. M., Wang, C., Maag, J. W., Siebecker, A. B., & Frerichs, L. J. (2012). Understanding the bullying dynamic among students in special and general education. Journal of School Psychology, 50, 503–520. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2012.04.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sweeting, H., Young, R., West, P., & Der, G. (2006). Peer victimization and depression in early-mid adolescence: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 577–594. doi:10.1348/000709905X49890CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tran, C. V., Cole, D. A., & Weiss, B. (2012). Testing reciprocal longitudinal relations between peer victimization and depressive symptoms in young adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41, 353–360. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.662674CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaillancourt, T., McDougall, P., Hymel, S., Krygsman, A., Miller, J., Stiver, K., & Davis, C. (2008). Bullying: Are researchers and children/youth talking about the same thing? Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 486–495. doi:10.1177/0165025408095553CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Geel, M., Goemans, A., Zwaanswijk, W., Gini, G., & Vedder, P. (2018). Does peer victimization predict low self-esteem, or does low self-esteem predict peer victimization? Meta-analyses on longitudinal studies. Developmental Review, 49, 31–40. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.07.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Harmelen, A. L., Gibson, J. L., St Clair, M. C., Owens, M., Brodbeck, J., Dunn, V., … Goodyer, I. M. (2016). Friendships and family support reduce subsequent depressive symptoms in at-risk adolescents. PLoS One, 11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153715CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Hoof, A., Raaijmakers, Q. A., Van Beek, Y., Hale, W. W., & Aleva, L. (2008). A multi-mediation model on the relations of bullying, victimization, identity, and family with adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 772–782. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9261-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernberg, E. M. (1990). Psychological adjustment and experiences with peers during early adolescence: Reciprocal, incidental, or unidirectional relationships? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 187–198. doi:10.1007/BF00910730CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wentzel, K. R., & Feldman, S. S. (1996). Relations of cohesion and power in family dyads to social and emotional adjustment during early adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6, 225–244.Google Scholar
White, J., Shelton, K. H., & Elgar, F. J. (2014). Prospective associations between the family environment, family cohesion, and psychiatric symptoms among adolescent girls. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 45, 544–554. doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0423-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ybarra, M. L., Boyd, D., Korchmaros, J. D., & Oppenheim, J. (2012). Defining and measuring cyberbullying within the larger context of bullying victimization. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 53–58. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.031CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeung-Thompson, R. S., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2013). Peer victimization and internalizing symptoms from adolescence into young adulthood: Building strength through emotional support. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23, 290–303. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00827.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed