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Racial discrimination and ethnic racial identity in adolescence as modulators of HPA axis activity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2021

Emma K. Adam ,
Emily F. Hittner ,
Sara E. Thomas ,
Sarah Collier Villaume  and
Ednah E. Nwafor
Emma K. Adam*
Affiliation:
School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Emily F. Hittner
Affiliation:
School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Sara E. Thomas
Affiliation:
School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Sarah Collier Villaume
Affiliation:
School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Ednah E. Nwafor
Affiliation:
School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Emma Adam, School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, 2120 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60626, USA; ek-adam@northwestern.edu
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Abstract

We review evidence of racial discrimination as a critical and understudied form of adversity that has the potential to impact stress biology, particularly hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity. We highlight ethnic racial identity (ERI) as a positive regulatory influence on HPA axis activity, as indexed by levels of salivary cortisol. In past research by our group, Black individuals with high adolescent discrimination had low adult cortisol levels (hypocortisolism). Here, we present new analyses showing that ERI, measured prospectively from ages 12 through 32 in 112 Black and white individuals, is related to better-regulated cortisol levels in adulthood, particularly for Black participants. We also describe ongoing research that explores whether the promotion of ERI during adolescence can reduce ethnic–racial disparities in stress biology and in emotional health and academic outcomes.

Keywords

adolescenceadversitycortisolearly adulthoodethnic racial identityHPA axisracial discrimination

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Type
Special Section 1: 2019 Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 32 , Special Issue 5: Early Adversity, Stress, and Neurobehavioral Development: Honoring Megan R. Gunnar's Contributions to Developmental Science , December 2020 , pp. 1669 - 1684
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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