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Allostasis and the development of internalizing and externalizing problems: Changing relations with physiological systems across adolescence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2011

Paul D. Hastings ,
Elizabeth A. Shirtcliff ,
Bonnie Klimes-Dougan ,
Amber L. Allison ,
Laura Derose ,
Kimberley T. Kendziora ,
Barbara A. Usher  and
Carolyn Zahn-Waxler
Paul D. Hastings*
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis
Elizabeth A. Shirtcliff
Affiliation:
University of New Orleans
Bonnie Klimes-Dougan
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
Amber L. Allison
Affiliation:
University of New Orleans
Laura Derose
Affiliation:
Adelphi University
Kimberley T. Kendziora
Affiliation:
American Institutes for Research
Barbara A. Usher
Affiliation:
National Institute on Drug Abuse
Carolyn Zahn-Waxler
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Paul D. Hastings, University of California Davis, Center for Mind & Brain, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA 95618; E-mail: pdhastings@ucdavis.edu.
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Abstract

Allostasis, or the maintenance of stability through physiological change, refers to the process by which individuals adjust to the continually changing demands that are put upon somatic activity by salient events. Bauer and colleagues proposed that allostasis could be detected through patterns of the joint reactivity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis system under stressful conditions. We examined the associations between ANS and HPA reactivity and the development of externalizing and internalizing problems over 2 years in a sample of 215 adolescents. The interactions of ANS and HPA reactivity were contemporaneously associated with, and longitudinally predictive of, adolescents' emotional and behavioral problems. Adolescents with symmetrical high reactivity across systems had more internalizing and fewer externalizing problems initially. Over time, both symmetrical and asymmetrical reactivity predicted increasing internalizing problems in girls, depending on the measure of ANS activity that was examined, heart rate, or blood pressure reactivity. Implications for the understanding of allostasis and the dynamic nature of the relations between multiple physiological regulatory systems and adolescents' developing psychopathology are discussed.

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Type
Articles
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Development and Psychopathology , Volume 23 , Issue 4: Allostatic Load: Part 2 , November 2011 , pp. 1149 - 1165
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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