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Allostatic processes in the family

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 July 2011

Rena L. Repetti ,
Theodore F. Robles  and
Bridget Reynolds
Rena L. Repetti*
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Theodore F. Robles
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Bridget Reynolds
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Rena L. Repetti, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563; E-mail: repetti@psych.ucla.edu.
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Abstract

The concepts of allostatic load and allostatic processes can help psychologists understand how health trajectories are influenced by stressful childhood experiences in the family. This paper describes psychological pathways and two key allostatic mediators, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the immune system, through which stressful early rearing conditions may influence adult mental and physical health. The action of meshed gears is introduced as a metaphor to illustrate how responses occurring within a brief time frame, for example, immediate reactions to stressors, can influence developmental and health processes unfolding over much longer spans of time. We identify early-developing psychological and biological response patterns that could link chronic stressors in childhood to later health outcomes. Some of these “precursor outcomes” (e.g., heightened vigilance and preparedness for threats; enhanced inflammatory and humoral responses to infectious microorganisms) appear to be aimed at protection from immediate dangers; they may reflect “adaptive trade-offs” that balance short-term survival advantages under harsh rearing conditions against disadvantages manifested later in development. Our analysis also suggests mechanisms that underlie resilience in risky family environments.

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Articles
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Development and Psychopathology , Volume 23 , Issue 3: Allostatic Load: Part 1 , August 2011 , pp. 921 - 938
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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