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Child maltreatment, callous–unemotional traits, and defensive responding in high-risk children: An investigation of emotion-modulated startle response

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 November 2015

Melissa N. Dackis ,
Fred A. Rogosch  and
Dante Cicchetti
Melissa N. Dackis*
Affiliation:
University of Rochester Mt. Hope Family Center CBT/DBT Associates
Fred A. Rogosch*
Affiliation:
University of Rochester Mt. Hope Family Center
Dante Cicchetti
Affiliation:
University of Rochester Mt. Hope Family Center University of Minnesota Institute of Child Development
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Melissa Dackis or Fred A. Rogosch, Mt. Hope Family Center, 187 Edinburgh Street, Rochester, NY 14608; E-mail: dackis@cbtdbtassocs.com or fred.rogosch@rochester.edu.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Melissa Dackis or Fred A. Rogosch, Mt. Hope Family Center, 187 Edinburgh Street, Rochester, NY 14608; E-mail: dackis@cbtdbtassocs.com or fred.rogosch@rochester.edu.
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Abstract

Child maltreatment is associated with disruptions in physiological arousal, emotion regulation, and defensive responses to cues of threat and distress, as well as increased risk for callous unemotional (CU) traits and externalizing behavior. Developmental models of CU traits have focused on biological and genetic risk factors that contribute to hypoarousal and antisocial behavior, but have focused less on environmental influences (Blair, 2004; Daversa, 2010; Hare, Frazell, & Cox, 1978; Krueger, 2000; Shirtcliff et al., 2009; Viding, Fontaine, & McCrory, 2012). The aim of the present investigation was to measure the independent and combined effects of child maltreatment and high CU traits on emotion-modulated startle response in children. Participants consisted of 132 low-income maltreated (n = 60) and nonmaltreated (n = 72) children between 8 and 12 years old who attended a summer camp program. Acoustic startle response (ASR) was elicited in response to a 110-dB 50-ms probe while children viewed a slideshow of pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant IAPS images. Maltreatment status was assessed through examination of Department of Human Services records. CU traits were measured using counselor reports from the Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits (Frick, 2004), and conduct problems were measured using counselor and child self-report. We found no significant differences in emotion-modulated startle in the overall sample. However, significant differences in ASR by maltreatment status, maltreatment subtype, and level of CU traits were apparent. Results indicated differential physiological responses for maltreated and nonmaltreated children based on CU traits, including a pathway of hypoarousal for nonmaltreated/high CU children that differed markedly from a more normative physiological trajectory for maltreated/high CU children. Further, we found heightened ASR for emotionally and physically neglected children with high CU and elevated antisocial behavior in these children. Results provide further support for differential trajectories by which experience and biology may influence the development of antisocial behavior in youth and highlight potential avenues for intervention.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 27 , Special Issue 4pt2: Multilevel Developmental Perspectives on Child Maltreatment , November 2015 , pp. 1527 - 1545
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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