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Childhood temperament: Passive gene–environment correlation, gene–environment interaction, and the hidden importance of the family environment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2013

Kathryn Lemery-Chalfant ,
Karen Kao ,
Gregory Swann  and
H. Hill Goldsmith
Kathryn Lemery-Chalfant*
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Karen Kao
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Gregory Swann
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
H. Hill Goldsmith
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin–Madison
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Kathryn Lemery-Chalfant, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 871104, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104; E-mail: klemery@asu.edu.
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Abstract

Biological parents pass on genotypes to their children, as well as provide home environments that correlate with their genotypes; thus, the association between the home environment and children's temperament can be genetically (i.e., passive gene–environment correlation) or environmentally mediated. Furthermore, family environments may suppress or facilitate the heritability of children's temperament (i.e., gene–environment interaction). The sample comprised 807 twin pairs (mean age = 7.93 years) from the longitudinal Wisconsin Twin Project. Important passive gene–environment correlations emerged, such that home environments were less chaotic for children with high effortful control, and this association was genetically mediated. Children with high extraversion/surgency experienced more chaotic home environments, and this correlation was also genetically mediated. In addition, heritability of children's temperament was moderated by home environments, such that effortful control and extraversion/surgency were more heritable in chaotic homes, and negative affectivity was more heritable under crowded or unsafe home conditions. Modeling multiple types of gene–environment interplay uncovered the complex role of genetic factors and the hidden importance of the family environment for children's temperament and development more generally.

Type
Special Section Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 25 , Issue 1: Gene–Environment Correlation in Developmental Psychopathology , February 2013 , pp. 51 - 63
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013

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