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Influence of parental depressive symptoms on adopted toddler behaviors: An emerging developmental cascade of genetic and environmental effects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 October 2010

Caroline K. Pemberton ,
Jenae M. Neiderhiser ,
Leslie D. Leve ,
Misaki N. Natsuaki ,
Daniel S. Shaw ,
David Reiss  and
Xiaojia Ge
Caroline K. Pemberton*
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
Jenae M. Neiderhiser*
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
Leslie D. Leve
Affiliation:
Oregon Social Learning Center
Misaki N. Natsuaki
Affiliation:
University of California, Riverside
Daniel S. Shaw
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
David Reiss
Affiliation:
Yale Child Study Center
Xiaojia Ge
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Caroline K. Pemberton or Jenae M. Neiderhiser, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, 228 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16801; E-mail: pemberton@psu.edu or jenaemn@psu.edu.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Caroline K. Pemberton or Jenae M. Neiderhiser, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, 228 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16801; E-mail: pemberton@psu.edu or jenaemn@psu.edu.
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Abstract

This study examined the developmental cascade of both genetic and environmental influences on toddlers' behavior problems through the longitudinal and multigenerational assessment of psychosocial risk. We used data from the Early Growth and Development Study, a prospective adoption study, to test the intergenerational transmission of risk through the assessment of adoptive mother, adoptive father, and biological parent depressive symptoms on toddler behavior problems. Given that depression is often chronic, we control for across-time continuity and find that in addition to associations between adoptive mother depressive symptoms and toddler externalizing problems, adoptive father depressive symptoms when the child is 9 months of age were associated with toddler problems and associated with maternal depressive symptoms. Findings also indicated that a genetic effect may indirectly influence toddler problems through prenatal pregnancy risk. These findings help to describe how multiple generations are linked through genetic (biological parent), timing (developmental age of the child), and contextual (marital partner) pathways.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 22 , Issue 4: Developmental Cascades: Part 2 , November 2010 , pp. 803 - 818
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

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