Hostname: page-component-89b8bd64d-ksp62 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-07T10:46:45.822Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Resilience as process

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 September 2009

Byron Egeland ,
Elizabeth Carlson  and
L. Alan Sroufe
Byron Egeland*
Affiliation:
Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota
Elizabeth Carlson
Affiliation:
Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota
L. Alan Sroufe
Affiliation:
Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Byron Egeland, Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Resilience, the development of competence despite severe or pervasive adversity, is examined using data from a longitudinal study of high-risk children and families. The study is guided by an organizationaldevelopmental perspective. Resilience is conceived not as a childhood given, but as a capacity that develops over time in the context of person-environment interactions. Factors related to resilience in our study are examined in terms of this transactional process. From our studies, we have found emotionally responsive caregiving to mediate the effects of high-risk environments and to promote positive change for children who have experienced poverty, family stress, and maltreatment. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 5 , Issue 4 , Fall 1993 , pp. 517 - 528
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Block, J. (1987, 04). Longitudinal antecedents of ego-control and ego-resiliency in late adolescence. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Baltimore, MD.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1980). Loss. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Brazelton, B. (1973). A neonatal assessment scale. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.Google Scholar
Brown, G., Harris, T., & Bifulco, A. (1986). Longterm effects of early loss of parent. In Rutter, M., Izard, C. E., & Read, P. B. (Eds.), Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives (pp. 251–296). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Caldwell, B., & Bradley, R. (1984). HOME observation for measurement of the environment. Little Rock, AR: Center for Child Development and Education.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (1990). An historical perspective on the discipline of developmental psychopathology. In Rolf, J., Masten, A., Cicchetti, D., Nuechterlein, K., & Weintraub, S. (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 2–28). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Schneider-Rosen, K. (1986). An organizational approach to childhood depression. In Rutter, M., Izard, C., & Read, P. R. (Eds.), Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives (pp. 71–134). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1992). Editorial: The role of developmental theory in prevention and intervention. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 489–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., Toth, S. L., & Lynch, M. (in press). The developmental sequelae of child maltreatment: Implications of war-related trauma. In Leavitt, L. A. & Fox, N. A. (Eds.), Psychological effects of war and violence on children. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Egeland, B., & Abery, B. (1991). A longitudinal study of high-risk children: Educational outcomes. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 38(3), 271–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egeland, B., & Erickson, M. F. (1987). Psychologically unavailable caregiving: The effects on development of young children and the implications for intervention. In Brassard, M., Hart, S., & Germain, B. (Eds.), Psychological maltreatment of children and youth (pp. 110–120). New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Egeland, B., & Erickson, M. F. (1990). Rising above the past: Strategies for helping new mothers break the cycle of abuse and neglect. Zero to Three, 11(2), 29–35.Google Scholar
Egeland, B., & Farber, E. (1984). Infant-mother attachment: Factors related to its development and changes over time. Child Development, 55(3), 753–771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egeland, B., Jacobvitz, D., & Sroufe, L. A. (1988). Breaking the cycle of abuse. Child Development, 59(4), 1080–1088.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egeland, B., & Kalkoske, M. (1993, 03). Continuity as a function of risk status: Infant attachment to the early school years. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Egeland, B., Kalkoske, M., Gottesman, N., & Erickson, M. F. (1990). Preschool behavior problems: Stability and factors accounting for change. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31(6), 891–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egeland, B., & Kreutzer, T. (1991). A longitudinal study of the effects of maternal stress and protective factors on the development of high risk children. In Greene, A., Cummings, E. M., & Karraker, K. (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Perspectives on stress and coping (pp. 61–84). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Egeland, B., & Sroufe, A. (1981). Developmental sequelae of maltreatment in infancy. In Rizley, R. & Cicchetti, D. (Eds.), New directions for child development: Developmental perspectives in child maltreatment. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Elder, G. H. (1974). Children of the Great Depression. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Elder, G. H. Jr., Nguyen, T. V., & Caspi, A. (1985). Linking family hardship to children's lives. Child Development, 56, 361–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elicker, J., Englund, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (1992). Predicting peer competence and peer relationships in childhood from early parent-child relationships. In Parke, R. & Ladd, G. (Eds.), Family-peer relationships: Modes of linkage (pp. 77–106). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Erickson, M., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (1985). The relationship between quality of attachment and behavior problems in preschool in a high-risk sample. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1–2), 147–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farber, E., & Egeland, B. (1987). Abused children: Can they be invulnerable. In Anthony, J. & Cohler, B. (Eds.), The invulnerable child (pp. 253–288). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Garmezy, N. (1985). Stress-resistant children: The search for protective factors. In Stevenson, J. E. (Ed.), Recent research in developmental psychopathology (pp. 213–233). Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Garmezy, N. (1993). Vulnerability and resilience. In Funder, D. C., Parke, R. D., Tomlinson-Keesey, C., & Widaman, K. (Eds.), Studying lives through time: Approaches to personality and development (pp. 377–398). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, J. V. F., & Vaillant, G. E. (1984). Natural history of male psychological health, XI: Escape from the underclass. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 341–346.Google ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 425–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Peake, P. K. (1988). The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 687–696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Musick, J. S., Bernstein, V., Percansky, C., & Stott, H. (1987). A chain of enablement: Using community based programs to strengthen relationships between teen parents and their infants. Zero to Three, 8(2), 1–6.Google Scholar
Musick, J. S., Stott, F. M., Spencer, K. K., Goldman, J., & Cohler, B. J. (1987). Maternal factors related to vulnerability and resilience in young children at risk. In Anthony, E. J. & Cohler, B. J. (Eds.), The invulnerable child (pp, 229–252). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Olds, D. L., & Henderson, C. R., Jr. (1989). The prevention of maltreatment. In Cicchetti, D. & Carlson, V. (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 722–763). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pianta, R., & Egeland, B. (1990). Life stress and parenting outcomes in a disadvantaged sample: Results of the Mother-Child Interaction Project. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(4), 329–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pianta, R., Egeland, B., & Sroufe, A. (1990). Maternal stress and children's development: Prediction of school outcomes and identification of protective factors. In Rolf, J. E., Masten, A., Cicchetti, D., Nuechterlein, K., & Weintraub, S. (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 215–235). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pianta, R., Erickson, M. F., Wagner, N., Kreutzer, T., & Egeland, B. (1990). Early predictors of referral for special services: Child-based measures versus mother-child interaction. School Psychology Review, XIX(2), 240–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radke-Yarrow, M., & Sherman, T. (1990). Hard growing: Children who survive. In Rolf, J., Masten, A. S., Cicchetti, D., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Weintraub, S. (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 97–119). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, M. (1979). Protective factors in children's responses to stress and disadvantage. In Kent, M. W. & Rolf, J. E. (Eds.), Primary prevention of psychopathology: Vol. 3. Social competence in children (pp. 49–74). Hanover, NH: University Press in New England.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1990). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. In Rolf, A., Masten, A. S., Cicchetti, D., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Weintraub, S. (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 181–214). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (1979). The coherence of individual development: Early care, attachment, and subsequent developmental issues. American Psychologist, 34, 834–841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaptation and competence. In Perlmutter, M. (Ed.), Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology: Development and policy concerning children with special needs, Vol. 16 (pp. 41–84). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (1989). Pathways to adaptation and maladaption: Psychopathology as developmental deviation. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Rochester Symposia on Developmental Psychopathology, 1, 13–40.Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (1991). Considering normal and abnormal together: The essence of developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 335–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sroufe, L. A., Carlson, E., & Shulman, S. (1993). The development of individuals in relationships: From infancy through adolescence. In Funder, D. C., Parke, R., Tomlinson-Keesey, C., & Widaman, K. (Eds.), Studying lives through time: Approaches to personality and development (pp. 315–342). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Kreutzer, T. (1990). The fate of early experience following developmental change: Longitudinal approaches to individual adaptation in childhood. Child Development, 61(5), 1363–1373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sroufe, L. A., & Fleeson, J. (1988). The coherence of family relationships. In Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (Eds.), Relationships within families: Mutual influences (pp. 27–47). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A., & Rutter, M. (1984). The domain of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 17–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Social competence as developmental construct. Developmental Review, 3, 79–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, E. E. (1990). Protective factors and individual resilience. In Meisels, S. J. & Shonkoff, J. P. (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (pp. 97–116). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahn-Waxler, C., Mayfield, A., Radke-Yarrow, M., & McKnew, D. H. (1988). A follow-up investigation of offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145(4), 506–509.Google ScholarPubMed