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Seeing the forest and the trees: Disentangling autism phenotypes in the age of DSM-5

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2021

Fred R. Volkmar ,
Marc Woodbury-Smith ,
Suzanne L. Macari  and
Roald A. Øien
Fred R. Volkmar*
Affiliation:
Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Center of Excellence on Autism Spectrum Disorders, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, USA
Marc Woodbury-Smith
Affiliation:
Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Suzanne L. Macari
Affiliation:
Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Roald A. Øien
Affiliation:
Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
*
Author for Correspondence: Dr Fred Volkmar, PO Box 207900, Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 S. Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT, USA, 1 203-785-7216 (also address for offprints). E-mail: fred.voikmar@yale.edu
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Abstract

This paper, written in honor of Professor Ed Zigler, focuses on some of the themes in developmental disabilities research that were so central to his work. It has now been nearly 80 years since Leo Kanner first identified the prototypic form – early infantile autism – of what is now autism spectrum disorder. In this article we summarize the development of the concept and the important accumulation of knowledge over time that has now led us to the recognition of a broader autism phenotype just as, at the same time, the current official diagnostic system in the USA has narrowed the concept. We also address current controversies regarding autism as the diagnosis is impacted by age and developmental factors, gender, and cultural issues. In parallel to the work on intellectual deficiency and development pioneered by Zigler and his colleagues, we summarize some of the challenges for the years ahead.

Keywords

Asperger syndromeautism spectrum disorderbroader autism phenotypediagnosis

Information

Type
Special Issue Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 33 , Special Issue 2: Honoring the Legacy of Ed Zigler's Lifetime Contributions to Science, Society, and Child Wellbeing , May 2021 , pp. 625 - 633
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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