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Shared and distinct developmental pathways to ASD and ADHD phenotypes among infants at familial risk

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 September 2020

Meghan Miller ,
Shane Austin ,
Ana-Maria Iosif ,
Leiana de la Paz ,
Annie Chuang ,
Burt Hatch  and
Sally Ozonoff
Meghan Miller*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
Shane Austin
Affiliation:
Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
Ana-Maria Iosif
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
Leiana de la Paz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
Annie Chuang
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
Burt Hatch
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
Sally Ozonoff
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Meghan Miller, PhD, MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health System, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; E-mail: mrhmiller@ucdavis.edu.
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Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are believed to share partially overlapping causal mechanisms suggesting that early risk markers may also overlap. Using latent profile analysis (LPA) in a sample of infants enriched for ASD and ADHD, we first examined the number of distinct groups of 3-year-old children, based on ADHD and ASD symptomatology. To investigate early predictors of ASD and ADHD symptom profiles, we next examined differences in trajectories of infant behaviors among the LPA classes spanning general development, negative affect, attention, activity level, impulsivity, and social behavior. Participants included 166 infants at familial risk for ASD (n = 89), ADHD (n = 38), or low-risk for both (n = 39) evaluated at 12, 18, 24, and 36 months of age. A three-class solution was selected reflecting a Typically Developing (TD) class (low symptoms; n = 108), an ADHD class (high ADHD/low ASD symptoms; n = 39), and an ASD class (high ASD/ADHD symptoms; n = 19). Trajectories of infant behaviors were generally suggestive of a gradient pattern of differences, with the greatest impairment within the ASD class followed by the ADHD class. These findings indicate a mixture of overlapping and distinct early markers of preschool ASD- and ADHD-like profiles that can be difficult to disentangle early in life.

Keywords

ADHDautisminfancyearly childhoodlatent profile analysis

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Type
Special Section Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 32 , Special Issue 4: Conceptualizing and Interrogating Autism Spectrum Disorder from a Developmental Psychopathology Framework , October 2020 , pp. 1323 - 1334
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press.

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