No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Towards the understanding of the core of general personality disorder factor: g-PD and its relation to hostile attributions
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 March 2024
Abstract
There is a general consensus that personality disorders (PDs) share a general factor (g-PD) overlapping with the general factor of psychopathology (p-factor). The general psychopathology factor is related to many social dysfunctions, but its nature still remains to some extent ambiguous. We posit that hostile attributions may be explanatory for the factor common for all PDs, i.e., interpersonal problems and difficulty in building long-lasting and satisfying relationships of all kinds. Thus, the main objective of the current project was to expand the existing knowledge about underlying factors of g-PD with regard to hostile attributions. We performed a cross-sectional study on a representative, community sample of Poles (N = 1031). Our hypotheses were primarily confirmed as hostile attributions predicted p-factor. However, the relation was positive only for hostile attributions related to ambiguous situations involving relational harm and physical harm done by female authorities and negative in case of hostile attributions in situations involving physical harm done by peers. Additionally, paranoia-like thoughts strongly related to hostile attributions and independently predicted g-PD. The results contribute to the current discussion on the nature of the g-PD, confirm that hostile attributions and paranoia are a crucial aspect of personality pathology, and indicate the importance of working on these cognitions in the course of therapeutic work.
- Type
- Regular Article
- Information
- Copyright
- © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press
References
Abate, A., Marshall, K., Sharp, C., & Venta, A. (2017). Trauma and aggression: Investigating the mediating role of mentalizing in female and male inpatient adolescents. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 48(6), 881–890.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, J. G., Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. W. (2008). Mentalizing in clinical practice. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).Google Scholar
Bach, B., & First, M. B. (2018). Application of the ICD-11 classification of personality disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bateman, A., Campbell, C., Luyten, P., & Fonagy, P. (2018). A mentalization-based approach to common factors in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, 44–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bebbington, P. E., McBride, O., Steel, C., Kuipers, E., Radovanovic, M., Brugha, T., Jenkins, R., Meltzer, H. I., & Freeman, D. (2013). The structure of paranoia in the general population. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 202(6), 419–427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bender, D. S., Morey, L. C., & Skodol, A. E. (2011). Toward a model for assessing level of personality functioning in DSM-5, part I: A review of theory and methods. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(4), 332–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, D. S., & Skodol, A. E. (2007). Borderline personality as a self-other representational disturbance. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(5), 500–517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennetts, A., Stopa, L., & Newman-Taylor, K. (2022). What can experimental studies tell us about paranoia and anxiety? A systematic review with implications for theory and clinical practice. Psychosis-Psychological Social and Integrative Approaches, 14(2), 162–175.Google Scholar
Bodecka, M., Jakubowska, A., & Zajenkowska, A. (2021). Psycho-Educational training with elements of mentalization and the role it plays in reducing hostility among inmates. Educational Psychology, 62(20), 101–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodecka-Zych, M., Jonason, P., & Zajenkowska, A. (2021). Hostile attribution biases in vulnerable narcissists depends on the socio-relational context. Journal of Individual Differences, 43.Google Scholar
Bondü, R., & Richter, P. (2016). Interrelations of justice, rejection, provocation, and moral disgust sensitivity and their links with the hostile attribution bias, trait anger, and aggression. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bozzatello, P., Garbarini, C., Rocca, P., & Bellino, S. (2021). Borderline personality disorder: Risk factors and early detection. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 11(11), 2142.Google ScholarPubMed
Buck, B. E., Pinkham, A. E., Harvey, P. D., & Penn, D. L. (2016). Revisiting the validity of measures of social cognitive bias in schizophrenia: Additional results from the Social Cognition Psychometric Evaluation (SCOPE) study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(4), 441–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, A., Houts, R. M., Belsky, D. W., Goldman-Mellor, S. J., Harrington, H., Israel, S., Meier, M. H., Ramrakha, S., Shalev, I., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2014). The p factor: One general psychopathology factor in the structure of psychiatric disorders? Clinical Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 2(2), 119–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cieciuch, J., Łakuta, P., Strus, W., Oltmanns, J. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2021). Assessment of personality disorder in the ICD-11 diagnostic system: Polish validation of the personality inventory for ICD-11. Psychiatria Polska, 247, 1–18.Google Scholar
Clarkin, J. F., Lenzenweger, M. F., Yeomans, F., Levy, K. N., & Kernberg, O. F. (2007). An object relations model of borderline pathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(5), 474–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Combs, D. R., Penn, D. L., Michael, C. O., Basso, M. R., Wiedeman, R., Siebenmorgan, M., & Chapman, D. (2009). Perceptions of hostility by persons with and without persecutory delusions. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 14(1), 30–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Combs, D. R., Penn, D. L., Wicher, M., & Waldheter, E. (2007). The ambiguous intentions hostility questionnaire (AIHQ): A new measure for evaluating hostile social-cognitive biases in paranoia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12(2), 128–143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R. (1995). Relational aggression: The role of intent attributions, feelings of distress, and provocation type. Development and Psychopathology, 7(02), 313–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demograficznych, Z. D. D. B., & Statystyczny, G. U. (2021). Zmiany w strukturze poziomu wykształcenia ludności Polski w świetle wyników Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań 2021. System edukacji wobec zmian demograficznych, 11.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. (2006). Translational science in action: Hostile attributional style and the development of aggressive behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 18(3), 791–814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doering, S., Enzi, B., Faber, C., Hinrichs, J., Bahmer, J., & Northoff, G. (2012). Personality functioning and the cortical midline structures--An exploratory FMRI study. PloS One, 7(11), e49956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1986). Gender and aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychological Bulletin, 100(3), 309–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feinfield, K. A., Lee, P. P., Flavell, E. R., Green, F. L., & Flavell, J. H. (1999). Young children’s understanding of intention. Cognitive Development, 14(3), 463–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkel, E. J., & Hall, A. N. (2018). The I3 model: A metatheoretical framework for understanding aggression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 125–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., & Jurist, E. L. Eds (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization and the development of the self. Routledge.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1355–1381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1996). Playing with reality: I. Theory of mind and the normal development of psychic reality. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 77, 217–233.Google ScholarPubMed
Freeman, D., Loe, B. S., Kingdon, D., Startup, H., Molodynski, A., Rosebrock, L., & Bird, J. C. (2021). The revised green, etal, paranoid thoughts scale (R-GPTS): Psychometric properties, severity ranges, and clinical cut-offs. Psychological Medicine, 51(2), 244–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gasse, A., Kim, W. S., & Gagnon, J. (2020). Association between depression and hostile attribution bias in hostile and non-hostile individuals: An ERP study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 1077–1083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gluschkoff, K., Jokela, M., & Rosenström, T. (2021). General psychopathology factor and borderline personality disorder: Evidence for substantial overlap from two nationally representative surveys of US adults. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 12(1), 86–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guntrip, H., & Sutherland, J. D. (2018). Melanie Klein: Theory of early development and ‘Psychotic’ positions. In Personality Structure and Human Interaction (pp. 234–245). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutz, L., Roepke, S., & Renneberg, B. (2016). Cognitive and affective processing of social exclusion in borderline personality disorder and social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 87, 70–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hajdúk, M., Klein, H. S., Harvey, P. D., Penn, D. L., & Pinkham, A. E. (2019). Paranoia and interpersonal functioning across the continuum from healthy to pathological-network analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 19–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993). Gender stereotypes and the perception of male and female candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37(1), 119–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kernberg, O. F. (2004). Borderline personality disorder and borderline personality organization: Psychopathology and psychotherapy. In Handbook of personality disorders: Theory and practice (pp. 92–119).Google Scholar
Klein, H. S., Kelsven, S., & Pinkham, A. E. (2018). Increased social cognitive bias in subclinical paranoia. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 12, 74–76.Google ScholarPubMed
Klein, M. (1946, 1996). Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 5(2), 160–79.Google ScholarPubMed
Krueger, R., Derringer, J., Markon, K., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1879–1890.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krzysztof-Świderska, A., & Małek, D. (2022). Osobowość typu borderline w ICD-11 i DSM-5-relacyjna natura kryteriów zaburzenia. Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna (Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology), 22(3).Google Scholar
Laceulle, O. M., Vollebergh, W. A., & Ormel, J. (2015). The structure of psychopathology in adolescence replication of a general psychopathology factor in the TRAILS study. Clinical Psychological Science, 3(6), 850–860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahey, B., Applegate, B., Hakes, J. K., Zald, D. H., Hariri, A., & Rathouz, P. (2012). Is there a general factor of prevalent psychopathology during adulthood? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(4), 971–977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S., Chang, H., Ip, K. I., & Olson, S. L. (2019). Early socialization of hostile attribution bias: The roles of parental attributions, parental discipline, and child attributes. Social Development, 28(3), 549–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, V., & Hoaken, P. N. (2007). Cognition, emotion, and neurobiological development: Mediating the relation between maltreatment and aggression. Child Maltreatment, 12(3), 281–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lingiardi, V., & McWilliams, N. (2015). The psychodynamic diagnostic manual-2nd edition (PDM-2). World Psychiatry, 14(2), 237–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livesley, W. J. (Ed.). (2001). Handbook of personality disorders: Theory, research, and treatment. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Łakuta, P., Cieciuch, J., Strus, W., & Hutsebaut, J. (2022). Level of personality functioning scale-brief Form 2.0: Validity and reliability of the Polish adaptation.Google Scholar
McCabe, G. A., Oltmanns, J. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2022). The general factors of personality disorder, psychopathology, and personality. Journal of Personality Disorders, 36(2), 129–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millon, T., & Davis, R. D. (1996). An evolutionary theory of personality disorders. In Clarkin, J. F., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (Eds.), Major theories of personality disorder (pp. 221–346). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Millon, T., Millon, C. M., Meagher, S. E., Grossman, S. D., & Ramnath, R. (2012). Personality disorders in modern life. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Moses, L. J., & Chandler, M. J. (1992). Traveler’s guide to children’s theories of mind. Psychological Inquiry, 3(3), 286–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulder, R. (2021). The evolving nosology of personality disorder and its clinical utility. World Psychiatry, 20(3), 361–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niemantsverdriet, M. B., van Veen, R. J., Slotema, C. W., Franken, I. H., Verbraak, M. J., Deen, M., & van der Gaag, M. (2022). Characteristics and stability of hallucinations and delusions in patients with borderline personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 113, 152290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oltmanns, J. R. (2021). Personality traits in the international classification of diseases 11th revision (ICD-11). Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 34(1), 48–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oltmanns, J. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2018). A self-report measure for the ICD-11 dimensional trait model proposal: The personality inventory for ICD-11. Psychol. Assess, 30(2), 154–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paris, J. (1998). Does childhood trauma cause personality disorders in adults? The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry., 43(2), 148–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearson, R. M., Campbell, A., Howard, L. M., Bornstein, M. H., O’Mahen, H., Mars, B., & Moran, P. (2018). Impact of dysfunctional maternal personality traits on risk of offspring depression, anxiety and self-harm at age 18 years: A population-based longitudinal study. Psychological Medicine, 48(1), 50–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, K., & Nisbett, R. E. (1999). Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction. American Psychologist, 54(9), 741–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pincus, A. L. (2005). A contemporary integrative interpersonal theory of personality disorders. In Lenzenweger, M. F., & Clarkin, J. F. (Eds.), Major theories of personality disorder (pp. 282–331). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Wright, A. G., Fowler, J. C., Frueh, B. C., Allen, J. G., Oldham, J., & Clark, L. A. (2015). The structure of personality pathology: Both general (‘g’) and specific (‘s’) factors? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(2), 387–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smeijers, D. (2022). Hostility bias. In Martin, C., Preedy, V. R., & Patel, V. B. (Eds.), Handbook of anger, aggression, and violence. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_34-1
Google Scholar
Statistics Poland (2021). Demographic yearbook of Poland 2021. Warsaw: Statistics Poland. Available from: https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbooks/demographic-yearbook-of-poland-2021,3,15.html
Google Scholar
Statistics Poland (2022). Demographic yearbook of Poland 2022. Warsaw: Statistics Poland. Available from: https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/roczniki-statystyczne/roczniki-statystyczne/rocznik-demograficzny-2022,3,16.html
Google Scholar
Smith, H. L., Summers, B. J., Dillon, K. H., Macatee, R. J., & Cougle, J. R. (2016). Hostile interpretation bias in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 9–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steiner, J. (1988). The interplay between pathological organizations and the paranoid schizoid and depressive positions. Melanie Klein Today, 1, 324–342.Google Scholar
Tuente, S. K., Bogaerts, S., & Veling, W. (2019). Hostile attribution bias and aggression in adults-a systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 46, 66–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weekers, L. C., Hutsebaut, J., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2019). The level of personality functioning scale-brief Form 2.0: Update of a brief instrument for assessing level of personality functioning: The level of personality functioning scale – brief Form 2.0. Personality and Mental Health, 13(1), 3–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkowski, B., Robinson, M., Gordon, R., & Troop-Gordon, W. (2007). Tracking the evil eye: Trait anger and selective attention within ambiguously hostile scenes. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(3), 650–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winnicott, D. W. (1962). The theory of the parent-infant relationship. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 43, 238–239.Google ScholarPubMed
Wong, M. S., McElwain, N. L., & Halberstadt, A. G. (2009). Parent, family, and child characteristics: Associations with mother-and father-reported emotion socialization practices. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(4), 452–463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems
(11thedn.).Google Scholar
Wright, A., Hopwood, C. J., Skodol, A. E., & Morey, L. C. (2016). Longitudinal validation of general and specific structural features of personality pathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(8), 1120–1134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zajenkowska, A., Prusik, M., Jasielska, D., & Szulawski, M. (2021). Hostile attribution bias among offenders and non-offenders: Making social information processing more adequate. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 31(2), 241–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zajenkowska, A., Prusik, M., & Szulawski, M. (2018). What does the ambiguous intentions hostility questionnaire really measure? The importance of context in evaluating hostility bias. Journal of Personality Assessment, 102(2), 1–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Zajenkowska, A., & Rajchert, J. (2020). How sensitivity to provocation shapes encoding and interpretation of ambivalent scenes in an eye tracking study. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 32(2), 180–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zajenkowska, A., Rajchert, J., & Lawrence, C. (2020). Gender differences in judging intentionality: How the reaction time and sensitivity to provocation moderates this relationship. Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zajenkowska, A., Ulatowska, J., Prusik, M., & Budziszewska, M. (2017). Be careful what you wish for! desired and actual behavior inconsistency in frustrating and provoking situations as predictors of depression. Studia Psychologica, 59(4), 243–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zanarini, M. C. (2000). Childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23(1), 89–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zettl, M., Volkert, J., Vögele, C., Herpertz, S. C., Kubera, K. M., & Taubner, S. (2020). Mentalization and criterion a of the alternative model for personality disorders: Results from a clinical and nonclinical sample. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 11(3), 191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed