Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T22:28:27.967Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Impartiality and democracy: an objection to political exchange

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2022

Matthew T. Jeffers*
Affiliation:
Independent Scholar

Abstract

The philosophical debate concerning political exchange has largely been confined to debating the desirability of vote trading; where individuals can sell their votes or buy votes from others. However, I show that the vote credit systems prevalent in public choice theory entirely avoid the common objections to political exchange that afflict vote trading proposals. Namely, vote credit systems avoid equality concerns and inalienability concerns. I offer an alternative critique to formal mechanisms that encourage political exchange by drawing on the role that impartiality and impartial moral judgements play in democratic and electoral institutions.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Archer, A. and Wilson, A. 2014. Against vote markets. Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 8, 16.Google Scholar
Archer, A., Engelen, B. and Ivanković, V. 2019. Effective vote markets and the tyranny of wealth. Res Publica 25, 3954.10.1007/s11158-017-9371-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arrow, K. 1950. A difficulty in the concept of social welfare. Journal of Political Economy 58, 328346.10.1086/256963CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babcock, B. 1974. Voir dire: preserving its wonderful power. Stanford Law Review 27, 545.10.2307/1228326CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, W. 2007. Alienability: a rejoinder to Kuflik. Humanomics 23, 127128.10.1108/08288660710779362CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, J. 1987. The constitution of economic policy. American Economic Review 77, 243250.Google Scholar
Buchanan, J. and Tullock, G. 1965. The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund.Google Scholar
Butler, E. 2012. Public choice – a primer. Institute of Economic Affairs 147, 1138.Google Scholar
Brennan, J. 2012. The Ethics of Voting. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Brennan, J. 2016. Against Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Casella, A. 2005. Storable votes. Games and Economic Behavior 51, 391419.10.1016/j.geb.2004.09.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casella, A. and Mace, A. 2021. Does vote trading improve welfare? Annual Review of Economics 13, 5786.10.1146/annurev-economics-081720-114422CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estlund, D. 1990. Democracy without preference. Philosophical Review 99, 397423.10.2307/2185349CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freiman, C. 2014. Vote markets. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 92, 759774.10.1080/00048402.2014.892147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodin, R. 2007. Enfranchising all affected interests, and its alternatives. Philosophy & Public Affairs 35, 4068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, S., Kajii, A., Polak, B. and Safra, Z. 2010. Generalized utilitarianism and Harsanyi’s impartial observer theorem. Econometrica 78, 19391971.Google Scholar
Hess, I., Lachireddy, K. and Capon, A. 2016. A systematic review of the health risks from passive exposure to electronic cigarette vapour. Public Health Research and Practice 26, 2621617.10.17061/phrp2621617CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lalley, S. and Weyl, G. 2018. Quadratic voting: how mechanism design can radicalize democracy. AEA Papers and Proceedings 108, 3337.10.1257/pandp.20181002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landemore, H. 2012. Democratic Reason. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Laurence, B. and Sher, I. 2017. Ethical considerations on quadratic voting. Public Choice 172, 195222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, J. and Wagner, M. 2020. The value of not knowing: partisan cue-taking and belief updating of the uninformed, the ambiguous, and the misinformed. Journal of Communication 70, 646669.10.1093/joc/jqaa022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maloberti, N. 2019. Markets in votes: alienability, strict secrecy, and political clientelism. Politics, Philosophy & Economics 18, 193215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGreevy, P. 2020 a. Prop. 25 which would’ve abolished California’s cash bail system is rejected by voters. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-11-03/2020-california-election-prop-25-results.Google Scholar
McGreevy, P. 2020 b. Prop. 27 which will let parolee’s vote in California is approved by voters. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-10-20/proposition-17-parole-felonies-vote-california.Google Scholar
Ogilvie, J. 2019. Proposition 187: Why a ballot initiative that passed 25 years ago (and never went into law) still matters. Laist.com. https://laist.com/news/proposition-187-what-you-need-to-know.Google Scholar
Paul, J. 2020. Proposition EE explained: How much more cigarettes, nicotine products would cost in Colorado. The Colorado Sun. https://coloradosun.com/2020/09/28/proposition-ee-colorado-cigarettes-tobacco-nicotine-taxes/.Google Scholar
Philipson, T. and Snyder, J. 1996. Equilibrium and efficiency in an organized vote market. Public Choice 89, 245265.10.1007/BF00159358CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, E. and Weyl, G. 2015. Voting squared: quadratic voting in democratic politics. Vanderbilt Law Review 68, 441.Google Scholar
Posner, E. and Weyl, G. 2018. Radical Markets. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Radin, M. 1987. Market-Inalienability. Harvard Law Review 100, 18491937.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawls, J. 1999. A Theory of Justice: Revised edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.10.4159/9780674042582CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandel, M. 2000. What money can’t buy: the moral limits of markets. Tanner Lectures on Human Values 21, 87122.Google Scholar
Saari, D. 2008. Mathematics and voting. Notices of the AMS 55, 448455.Google Scholar
Satz, D. 2010. Why Some Things Should Not Be for Sale. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311594.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, A. 2002. Open and closed impartiality. Journal of Philosophy 99, 445469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A. 1982. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund Inc.Google Scholar
Somin, I. 2013. Democracy and Political Ignorance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Suggs, E. 2020. Identifying voter preferences through two-stage multivoting elections: experiments in the preface of the 2020 Democratic primaries. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 190, 434462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, J. 2016. Vote buying and voter preferences. Social Theory and Practice 43, 107124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, J. 2017 a. Markets in votes, voter liberty, and the burden of justification. Journal of Philosophical Research 42, 325340.10.5840/jpr20172897CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, J. 2017 b. Markets in votes and the tyranny of wealth. Res Publica 23, 313328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, J. 2018. Two (weak) cheers for markets in votes. Philosophia 46, 223239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolbert, C., McNeal, R. and Smith, D. 2003. Enhancing civic engagement: the effect of direct democracy on political participation and knowledge. State Politics & Policy Quarterly 3, 2341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walzer, M. 1974. Civility and civic virtue in contemporary America. Social Research 41, 593611.Google Scholar