The circumscription of Gymnocarpos (Caryophyllaceae) is extended to include the genus Lochia. Eight species are recognized: G. decandrus in the Canary Islands, northern Africa and southwestern Asia, G. parvibractus in Somalia, G. argenteus and G. mahranus in the mainland of Yemen, G. dhofarensis in Yemen and Oman, G. rotundifolius in Oman, G. kuriensis on Abd al-Kuri and Socotra, and G. bracteatus on Socotra. A phylogenetic analysis of Gymnocarpos is presented and the biogeography of the genus is discussed. The analysis suggests that G. mahranus and G. parvibractus, and G. kuriensis and G. rotundifolius, are pairs of vicarious sister species. G. argenteus, G. dhofarensis, G. mahranus and G. rotundifolius are species new to science. New combinations are G. bracteatus, G. kuriensis and G. parvibractus. G. decandrus is lectotypified. G. przewalskii, a species from China and Mongolia, is excluded from Gymnocarpos and would probably best be treated as a genus of its own.

Recent study of floral diversity within Australian Rhododendron (Ericaceae) has resulted in the recognition of two species, R. lochiae F. Muell. and R. notiale Craven, sp. nov. Both species are described and illustrated, and their distributions mapped. An identification key is provided.

Amomum roseisquamosum (Zingiberaceae) is described from Sarawak, Borneo. This new species is related to A. borneense and A. epiphyticum of Smith's (1989) Group V for Bornean species, sharing an epiphytic habit, crested anther-thecae and flattened fruits, but differs in having white flowers, a shorter corolla tube equal to the calyx tube, and lateral petals connate to the labellum. The systematic position is discussed.

Haemanthus grandifolius Balf.f., a Socotran endemic, has been found flowering for the first time and is shown to be better placed in the genus Ledebouria (Hyacinthaceae); the new combination Ledebouria grandifolia (Balf.f.) A.G. Mill. & D. Alexander is made and an expanded description given.

Type studies and illustrated descriptions are given of the tropical African Lactarius (Russulaceae) species described by Hennings (1902) and Beeli (1927–1936) which were not included in Heim's monographs (1938, 1955). L. badius Verbeken nom. nov., L. russulaeformis (Beeli) Verbeken comb. nov. and L. kalospermus (Beeli) Verbeken & Walleyn comb. nov. are proposed. L. congolensis Beeli is shown to be an earlier name for both L. craterelloides R. Heim & Gooss.-Font. and L. unicolor Gooss.-Font. & R. Heim which are identical, L. russulaeformis is an earlier name for L. pellicularis R. Heim, L. annulatoangustifolius (Beeli) Buyck is an earlier name for L. pandani R. Heim, and both L. pandani f. intermedius and L. pandani f. pallidus are concluded to be synonyms of L. pelliculatus (Beeli) Buyck. L. zenkeri (Henn.) Singer is neotypified and L. goossensiae Beeli and Lactarius sesemotani (Beeli) Buyck are lectotypified. Finally, Lentinus clitocyboides Henn. is not based on Lactarius, as suggested by Pegler (1983), but on Russula.

Two new species of gentian, Gentiana wangchukii E. Aitken & D.G. Long sp. nov., endemic to Bhutan, and Gentianella urnigera E. Aitken & D.G. Long sp. nov., from East Nepal, Sikkim, Central and Northern Bhutan and Yunnan, China, are described. Their generic placement and differences from allied species are discussed. The new combination Lomatogonium himalayense (Klotzsch) E. Aitken comb. nov. is made and this name is applied to plants previously ascribed to L. carinthiacum (Wulfen) Reichenbach from the East Himalaya; the basionym Pleurogyne himalayensis Klotzsch is lectotypified and epitypified. The genus Tripterospermum is reviewed in the Flora of Bhutan area and two species are recognized: T. volubile (D. Don) Hara and T. nigrobaccatum Hara. Within T. volubile, two subspecies are recognized: subsp. volubile and subsp. longipes E. Aitken & D.G. Long subsp. nov. T. luteoviride (C.B. Clarke) Murata, in the past treated as a distinct species, is placed in synonymy of subsp. volubile.

The following new species and new combinations are proposed for plants occurring in Bhutan or adjacent parts of India or China (Xizang): Catunaregam longispina (Link) Tirveng., Galium hoffmeisteri (Klotzsch) Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem. ex R.R. Mill, Leptodermis amoena Springate, L. ludlowii Springate, Oldenlandia erecta (Manilal & Sivar.) R.R. Mill, Ophiorrhiza longii J.R.I. Wood, Psydrax kingii (Hook.f.) Bridson & Springate. Rubia hispidicaulis D.G. Long. A description of Psydrax kingii is provided. A lectotype is designated for Neanotis gracilis (Hook.f.) W.H. Lewis. Notes are provided on Leptodermis lanceolata Wall., L. kumaonensis R. Parker and L. stapfiana Winkler. The correct author citation of Rubia manjith is discussed.

One new genus (Setulocarya R.R. Mill & D.G. Long, belonging to tribe Eritrichieae and allied to Microcaryum I.M. Johnst.: Himachal Pradesh, Nepal, Sikkim) and four new species (Hackelia bhutanica R.R. Mill and H. obtusifolia R.R. Mill, both from Bhutan and Sikkim, Lasiocaryum ludiowii R.R. Mill from Bhutan, Nepal and Tibet, and Trigonotis clarkei R.R. Mill from Darjeeling) are described. The new combinations Setulocarya diffusa (Brand) R.R. Mill & D.G. Long and Onosma emodi Wall. var. stelligera (I.M. Johnst.) R.R. Mill are made. Tournefortia hookeri C.B. Clarke is lectotypified and the typification of Microula pustulosa (C.B. Clarke) Duthie is clarified.

Ten new species of Umbelliferae are described from Bhutan, Nepal and Sikkim: Cnidium atropurpureum M.F. Watson, Cortiella lamondiana Fullarton & M.F. Watson, Heracleum bhutanicum M.F. Watson, H. woodii M.F. Watson, Keraymonia pinnatifolia M.F. Watson, Schulzia bhutanica M.F. Watson, Sinocarum longii M.F. Watson, S. minus M.F. Watson, S. pulchellum M.F. Watson and S. woodii M.F. Watson. Two new combinations are made: Cortiella cortioides (C. Norman) M.F. Watson and Meeboldia digitata (Kljuykov) M.F. Watson.