Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-jtdwj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-30T20:47:05.243Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Assessing recovery from schizophrenia as an individual process. A review of self-report instruments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 April 2020

M. Cavelti ,
S. Kvrgic ,
E.-M. Beck ,
J. Kossowsky  and
R. Vauth
M. Cavelti
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatric Outpatient Treatment, Psychiatrische Universitätspoliklinik, Psychiatric University Hospital of Basel, Claragraben 95, 4057Basel, Switzerland
S. Kvrgic
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatric Outpatient Treatment, Psychiatrische Universitätspoliklinik, Psychiatric University Hospital of Basel, Claragraben 95, 4057Basel, Switzerland
E.-M. Beck
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatric Outpatient Treatment, Psychiatrische Universitätspoliklinik, Psychiatric University Hospital of Basel, Claragraben 95, 4057Basel, Switzerland
J. Kossowsky
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 60/62, 4055Basel, Switzerland
R. Vauth*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatric Outpatient Treatment, Psychiatrische Universitätspoliklinik, Psychiatric University Hospital of Basel, Claragraben 95, 4057Basel, Switzerland
*
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +41 61 699 25 25; fax: +41 61 699 25 35.E-mail address:roland.vauth@upkbs.ch (R. Vauth).
Get access

Abstract

Objective

Studies investigating indicators of recovery from schizophrenia yielded two concepts of recovery. The first is the reduction of psychiatric symptoms and functional disabilities (‘clinical recovery’), while the second describes the individual adaptation process to the threat posed to the individual sense of self by the disorder and its negative consequences (‘personal recovery’). Evidence suggests that both perceptions contribute substantially to the understanding of recovery and require specific assessment and therapy. While current reviews of measures of clinical recovery exist, measures of personal recovery have yet to be investigated. Considering the steadily growing literature on recovery, this article gives an update about existing measures assessing personal recovery.

Method

A literature search for instruments was performed using Medline, Embase, PsycINFO&PSYNDEXPlus, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria were: (1) quantitative self-report measures; (2) specifically developed for adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder or at least applied to individuals suffering from severe mental illness; (3) empirically tested psychometric properties and/or published in a peer-reviewed, English-language journal. Instruments were evaluated with regard to psychometric properties (validity and reliability) and issues of application (user and administrator friendliness, translations).

Results

Thirteen instruments met the inclusion criteria. They were individually described and finally summarized in a table reflecting the pros and cons of each instrument. This may enable the reader to make an evidence-based choice for a questionnaire for a specific application.

Conclusion

The Recovery Assessment Scale is possibly the best currently available measure of personal recovery when all evaluation criteria are included. However, the ratings listed in the current paper depended on the availability of information and the quality of available reports of previous assessment of the measurement properties. Considering the significant amount of information lacking and inconsistent findings, further research on the reviewed measures is perhaps more important than the development of new measures of personal recovery.

Keywords

SchizophreniaSevere mental illnessRecoveryProcessOutcomeAssessmentScaleInstrument

Information

Type
Review
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 27 , Issue 1 , January 2012 , pp. 19 - 32
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Amador, XFStrauss, DHYale, SAFlaum, MMEndicott, JGorman, JMAssessment of insight in psychosis. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:873–879Google ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, NCCarpenter, WT Jr.Kane, JMLasser, RAMarder, SRWeinberger, DRRemission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:441–449CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andresen, EMCriteria for assessing the tools of disability outcomes research. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81:15–20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andresen, RCaputi, POades, LStages of recovery instrument: development of a measure of recovery from serious mental illness. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006;40:972–980CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andresen, RLindsay, GOCaputi, PDo clinical outcome measures assess consumer-defined recovery?. Psychiat Res. 2010;177:309–317CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andresen, ROades, LCaputi, PThe experience of recovery from schizophrenia: towards an empirically validated stage model. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 2003;37:586–594CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, SBarron, NMcFarland, BHBigelow, DAA community ability scale for chronically mentally ill consumers: Part I. Reliability and validity. Community Ment Health J. 1994;30:363–383CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, ATWeissman, ALester, DTrexler, LThe measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1974;42:861–865CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, MDiamond, RSainfort, FA new patient focused index for measuring quality of life in persons with severe and persistent mental illness. Qual Life Res. 1993;2:239–251CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellack, ASScientific and consumer models of recovery in schizophrenia: concordance, contrasts, and implications. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32:432–442CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berwick, DMMurphy, JMGoldman, PAWare, JEBarsky, AJWeinstein, MCPerformance of a five-item mental health screening test. Med Care. 1991;29:169–176CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloom, BLMiller, AThe Consumer Recovery Outcomes System (CROS 3.0): Assessing clinical status and progress in persons with severe and persistent mental illness. Campbell-Orde, TChamberlin, JCarpenter, JLeff, HSMeasuring the promise: a compendium of recovery measures. IICambridge, MA: Human Services Research Institute; 2005.Google Scholar
Bombardier, CTugwell, PMethodological considerations in functional assessment. J Rheumatol Suppl. 1987;14:6–10Google ScholarPubMed
Borkin, JRSteffen, JJEnsfield, LBKrzton, KWishnick, HWilder, K, et al.Recovery attitudes questionnaire: development and evaluation. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2000;24:95–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bot, SDTerwee, CBvan der Windt, DABouter, LMDekker, Jde Vet, HCClinimetric evaluation of shoulder disability questionnaires: a systematic review of the literature. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:335–341CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brohan, ESlade, MClement, SThornicroft, GExperiences of mental illness stigma, prejudice and discrimination: a review of measures. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell-Orde, TChamberlin, JCarpenter, JLeff, HSMeasuring the Promise: A Compendium of Recovery Measures. Volume II. Cambridge, MA: Human Services Research Institute; 2005.Google Scholar
Chen, EYTam, DKWong, JWLaw, CWChiu, CPSelf-administered instrument to measure the patient's experience of recovery after first-episode psychosis: development and validation of the Psychosis Recovery Inventory. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 2005;39:493–499CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiba, RKawakami, NMiyamoto, YAndresen, RReliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Self-Identified Stage of Recovery for people with long-term mental illness. Int J Ment Health. 2010;19:195–202CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiba, RMiyamoto, YKawakami, NReliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS) for people with chronic mental illness: scale development. Int J Nurs Stud. 2010;47:314–322CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiu, MYHo, WWLo, WTYiu, MGOperationalization of the SAMHSA model of recovery: a quality of life perspective. Qual Life Res. 2009;19:1–13CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ciompi, LThe natural history of schizophrenia in the long term. Br J Psychiatry. 1980;136:413–420CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, LMorrisson, KManion, LResearch methods in education. London: Falmer Press; 2000.Google Scholar
Connor, KMDavidson, JRDevelopment of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18:76–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corrigan, PWGiffort, DRashid, FLeary, MOkeke, IRecovery as a psychological construct. Community Ment Health J. 1999;35:231–239CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corrigan, PWRalph, ROIntroduction: recovery as consumer vision and research paradigm. Ralph, ROCorrigan, PWRecovery in mental illness: Broadening our understanding of wellness. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2007.Google Scholar
Corrigan, PWSalzer, MRalph, ROSangster, YKeck, LExamining the factor structure of the recovery assessment scale. Schizophr Bull. 2004;30:1035–1041CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, LStrauss, JSSense of self in recovery from severe mental illness. Br J Med Psychol. 1992;65:131–145CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Boer, MRMoll, ACde Vet, HCTerwee, CBVolker-Dieben, HJvan Rens, GHPsychometric properties of vision-related quality of life questionnaires: a systematic review. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2004;24:257–273CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Koning, CHvan den Heuvel, SPStaal, JBSmits-Engelsman, BCHendriks, EJClinimetric evaluation of active range of motion measures in patients with non-specific neck pain: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2008;17:905–921CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Koning, CHvan den Heuvel, SPStaal, JBSmits-Engelsman, BCHendriks, EJClinimetric evaluation of methods to measure muscle functioning in patients with non-specific neck pain: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;9:142CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Debats, DLThe Life Regard Index: reliability and validity. Psychol Rep. 1990;67:27–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deegan, PEDrake, REShared decision making and medication management in the recovery process. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57:1636–1639CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derogatis, LRLipman, RSRickels, KUhlenhuth, EHCovi, LThe Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): a self-report symptom inventory. Behav Sci. 1974;19:1–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeSisto, MHarding, CMMcCormick, RVAshikaga, TBrooks, GWThe Maine and Vermont three-decade studies of serious mental illness. II. Longitudinal course comparisons. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;167:338–342CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiClemente, CCProchaska, JOToward a comprehensive transtheoretical model of change: stages of change and addictive behaviors. Miller, WRHeather, NTreating addictive behaviors.. New York: Plenum Press; 1998.Google Scholar
Drayton, MBirchwood, MTrower, PEarly attachment experience and recovery from psychosis. Br J Clin Psychol. 1998;37:269–284CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisen, SVNormand, SLBelanger, AJSpiro, AEsch, DThe Revised Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-R): reliability and validity. IIIMed Care. 2004;42:1230–1241CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falbo, TBelk, SSA short scale to measure self-righteousness. J Pers Assess. 1985;49:172–177CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flinn, SRReliability and validity of the Recovery Assessment Scale for consumers with severe mental illness living in group home settings. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. 2005;65:4115Google Scholar
Ganju, VBeall, MACallahan, NThe MHSIP Consumer-Oriented Mental Health Report Card. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Agency, DHHS; 1996.Google Scholar
Gard, DEKring, AMGard, MGHoran, WPGreen, MFAnhedonia in schizophrenia: distinctions between anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Schizophr Res. 2007;93:253–260CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gumley, AKaratzias, APower, KReilly, JMcNay, LO’Grady, MEarly intervention for relapse in schizophrenia: impact of cognitive behavioural therapy on negative beliefs about psychosis and self-esteem. Br J Clin Psychol. 2006;45:247–260CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, RCGlobal assessment of functioning. A modified scale. Psychosomatics. 1995;36:267–275CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrow, MGrossman, LSJobe, THHerbener, ESDo patients with schizophrenia ever show periods of recovery? A 15-year multi-follow-up study. Schizophr Bull. 2005;31:723–734CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, PDBellack, ASToward a terminology for functional recovery in schizophrenia: is functional remission a viable concept?. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35:300–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasson-Ohayon, IRoe, DKravetz, SThe psychometric properties of the Illness Management and Recovery scale: client and clinician versions. Psychiatry Res. 2008;160:228–235CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, RLO’Grady, BMDo people with schizophrenia comprehend what they read?. Schizophr Bull. 2003;29:499–507CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henry, JDRendell, PGKliegel, MAltgassen, MProspective memory in schizophrenia: primary or secondary impairment?. Schizophr Res. 2007;95:179–185CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herth, KDevelopment and refinement of an instrument to measure hope. Sch Inq Nurs Pract. 1991;5:39–51Google ScholarPubMed
Hogan, TPAwad, AGEastwood, RA self-report scale predictive of drug compliance in schizophrenics: reliability and discriminative validity. Psychol Med. 1983;13:177–183CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopper, KHarrison, GJanca, ANSRecovery from schizophrenia: an international perspective. A Report of the WHO Collaborative Project. The International Study of Schizophrenia. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007.Google Scholar
Jerrell, JMCousins, VCRoberts, KMPsychometrics of the recovery process inventory. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2006;33:464–473CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, RCAndrews, GColpe, LJHirippi, EMroczek, DKNormand, SL, et al.Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trend in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med. 2002;32:959–976CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lally, SJDoes being in here mean there is something wrong with me?. Schizophr Bull. 1989;15:253–265CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehmann, AFA quality of life interview for the chronically mentally ill. Eval Program Plann. 1988;11:51–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liberman, RPKopelowicz, ARecovery from schizophrenia: a concept in search of research. Psychiatr Serv. 2005;56:735–742CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindenmayer, JPHarvey, PDKhan, AKirkpatrick, BSchizophrenia: measurements of psychopathology. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2007;30:339–363CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loveland, DWeaver Randall, KCorrigan, PWResearch methods for exploring and assessing recovery. Ralph, ROCorrigan, PWRecovery in mental illness: Broadening our understanding of wellness.. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2007.Google Scholar
Lukoff, DLiberman, RPNuechterlein, KHManual for the expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Schizphr Bull. 1986;12:594–602Google Scholar
Lysaker, PHGlynn, SMWilkniss, SMSilverstein, SMPsychotherapy and recovery from schizophrenia: A review of potential applications and need for future study. Psychol Serv. 2010;7:75–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lysaker, PHTaylor, AMiller, ABeattie, NStrasburger, ADavis, LWThe Scale to Assess Narrative Development: association with other measures of self and readiness for recovery in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194:223–225CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKeith, JBums, SMental Health Recovery Star. User Guide. London: Mental Health Providers Forum; 2010.Google Scholar
Mausbach, BTMoore, RBowie, CCardenas, VPatterson, TLA review of instruments for measuring functional recovery in those diagnosed with psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35:307–318CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCay, EASeeman, MVA scale to measure the impact of a schizophrenic illness on an individual's self-concept. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1998;12:41–49CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDowell, IJenkinson, CDevelopment standards for health measures. J Health Serv Res Policy. 1996;1:238–246CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGlashan, THRecovery style from mental illness and long-term outcome. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1987;175:681–685CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McHugo, GJDrake, REBurton, HLAckerson, THA scale for assessing the stage of substance abuse treatment in persons with severe mental illness. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183:762–767CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNaught, MCaputi, POades, LGDeane, FPTesting the validity of the recovery assessment scale using an Australian sample. Aus NZ J Psychiatry. 2007;41:450–457CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mueser, KTGingerich, SSalyers, MPMcGuire, ABReyes, RUCHThe Illness Management and Recovery (IMR) Scales (Client and Clinician Versions). Campbell-Orde, TChamberlin, JCarpenter, JLeff, HSMeasuring the Promise: a compendium of recovery measures. II Cambridge, MA: Human Services Research Institute; 2005.Google Scholar
Mueser, KTMeyer, PSPenn, DLClancy, RClancy, DMSalyers, MPThe Illness Management and Recovery program: rationale, development, and preliminary findings. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32:32–43CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mueser, KTVAgresta, JCoping with negative symptoms of schizophrenia: patient and family perspectives. Schizophr Bull. 1997;23:329–339CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohio Mental Health Outcomes Task F. Ohio Mental Health Consumer Outcomes System (Ohio Outcomes System). In: Orde, TChamberlin, JCarpenter, JLeff, H editors. Measuring the Promise: A Compendium of Recovery Measures, Volume II. Cambridge, MA: Human Services Research Institute; 2005.Google Scholar
Onken, SJCraig, CMRidgway, PRalph, ROCook, JAAn analysis of the definitions and elements of recovery: a review of the literature. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2007;31:9–22CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, NALowe, JBHughey, JReid, RJZimmerman, MASpeer, PWMeasuring the intrapersonal component of psychological empowerment: confirmatory factor analysis of the sociopolitical control scale. Am J Community Psychol. 2006;38:287–297CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ralph, ROVerbal definitions and visual models of recovery: Focus on the recovery model. Ralph, ROCorrigan, PWRecovery in mental illness: Broadening our understanding of wellness. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2007.Google Scholar
Ralph, ROKidder, KPhillips, DCan we measure recovery? A compendium of recovery and recovery-related instruments. Cambridge: Human Services Research Institute; 2000.Google Scholar
Resnick, SGFontana, ALehman, AFRosenheck, RAAn empirical conceptualization of the recovery orientation. Schizophr Res. 2005;75:119–128CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Resnick, SGRosenheck, RALehman, AFAn exploratory analysis of correlates of recovery. Psychiatr Serv. 2004;55:540–547CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Revheim, NButler, PDSchechter, IJalbrzikowski, MSilipo, GJavitt, DCReading impairment and visual processing deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2006;87:238–245CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridgway, PRecovery Enhancing Environment Measure (REE). Campbell-Orde, TChamberlin, JCarpenter, JLeff, HSMeasuring the promise: a compendium of recovery measures. II Cambridge, MA: Human Services Research Institute; 2005.Google Scholar
Ritsher, JBOtilingam, PGGrajales, MInternalized stigma of mental illness: psychometric properties of a new measure. Psychiatry Res. 2003;121:31–49CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, ESChamberlin, JEllison, MLCrean, TA consumer-constructed scale to measure empowerment among users of mental health services. Psychiatr Serv. 1997;48:1042–1047Google ScholarPubMed
Rooke, OBirchwood, MLoss, humiliation and entrapment as appraisals of schizophrenic illness: A prospective study of depressed and non-depressed patients. Br J Clin Psychol. 1998;37:259–268CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, AHadzi-Pavlovic, DParker, GThe life skills profile: a measure assessing function and disability in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1989;15:325–337CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, MSociety and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press; 1965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryff, CDKeyes, CLThe structure of psychological well-being revisited. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995;69:719–727CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salyers, MPGodfrey, JLMueser, KTLabriola, SMeasuring illness management outcomes: a psychometric study of clinician and consumer rating scales for illness self management and recovery. Community Ment Health J. 2007;43:459–480CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarason, IGLevine, HMBasham, RBSarason, BRAssessing social support: the Social Support Questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1983;44:127–139CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrank, BAmering, MRecovery in mental health. Neuropsychiatr. 2007;21:45–50Google ScholarPubMed
Sherer, MAdams, CHConstruct-Validation of the Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychol Rep. 1983;53:899–902CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shern, DLWilson, NZCoen, ASPatrick, DCFoster, MBartsch, DA, et al.Client outcomes II: longitudinal client data from the Colorado treatment outcome study. Milbank Q. 1994;72:123–148CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slade, MAmering, MOades, LRecovery: an international perspective. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2008;17:128–137CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slopen, NBCorrigan, PWRecovery in schizophrenia: reality or mere slogan. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2005;7:316–320CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, MKFord, JMeasuring the emotional/social aspects of loneliness and isolation. J Soc Behav Pers. 1990;2:257–270Google Scholar
Snyder, CRSympson, SCYbasco, FCBorders, TFBabyak, MAHiggins, RLDevelopment and validation of the State Hope Scale. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996;70:321–335CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spaniol, L.W.NGagne, CAnthony, WAThe process of recovery from schizophrenia. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2002;14:327–336CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terwee, CBBot, SDde Boer, MRvan der Windt, DAKnol, DLDekker, J, et al.Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60:34–42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thoma, PDaum, INeurocognitive changes and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2005;73:333–342CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scientific Advisory Committee of the Medical Outcomes Trust Assessing health status and quality-of-life instruments: attributes and review criteria. Qual Life Res. 2002;11:193–205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Tosh, LRalph, ROCampbell, JThe rise of consumerism. Psychiatr Rehabil Skills. 2000;4:383–409CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagnild, GMYoung, HMDevelopment and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. J Nurs Meas. 1993;1:165–178Google ScholarPubMed
Ware, JE Jr.Bjorner, JBKosinski, MHow to score and interpret single-item health status measures: a manual for users of TEH SF-8 Health Survey. Lincoln, RI: Qualitymetric Incorporated; 2001.Google Scholar
Warner, RRecovery from schizophrenia: psychiatry and political economy. Hove, UK: Brunner-Routledge; 2004.Google Scholar
Weeks, GSlade, MHayward, MA UK validation of the Stages of Recovery Instrument. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2011; 57: 446–454CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wing, JKBeevor, ASCurtis, RHPark, SBGHadden, SBurns, AHealth of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS): research and developments. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 172: 11–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wisdom, JPBruce, KSaedi, GAWeis, TGreen, CA‘Stealing me from myself’: identity and recovery in personal accounts of mental illness. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2008; 42: 489–495CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolstencroft, KOades, LCaputi, PAndresen, RDevelopment of a structured interview schedule to assess stage of psychological recovery from enduring mental illness. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2010; 14: 182–189CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, SLEnsing, DEBullock, WAThe Mental Health Recovery Measure.Campbell-Orde, TChamberlin, JCarpenter, JLeff, HSMeasuring the Promise: A Compendium of Recovery Measures II Cambridge, MA: Human Services Research Institute; 2005.Google Scholar
Young, SLEnsing, DSExploring recovery from the perspective of people with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatr Rehabil J 1999; 22: 219–231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimet, GDPowell, SSFarley, GKWerkman, SBerkoff, KAPsychometric characteristics of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. J Pers Assess 1990; 55: 610–617CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zubin, JSpring, BVulnerability--a new view of schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 1977; 86: 103–126CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.