¹ Shannon, R., Gladstone, vol. 1 (London, 1982), covers the years down to 1865.Google Scholar

I am grateful for the comments made at the meeting of the modern British history seminar in Cambridge to which I read this article, in an earlier version, as a paper. I owe thanks also to Mr T. A. Jenkins and Mr J. P. Parry.

² See Brooke, J. and M., Sorensen (eds.), The prime minister's papers: W. E. Gladstone: IV: autobiographical memoranda (London, 1981), p. vii, and the appendix by R. J. Olney on ‘The Gladstone papers, 1822–1977’, pp. 118–30.Google Scholar

³ The quotations in this paragraph come from p. v of the preface to vol. VII of the Diaries. All page-references in Roman numerals refer to this volume, unless otherwise stated. In most cases I have referred to diary entries and letters simply by date.

⁴ Steele, E. D., Irish land and British politics (Cambridge, 1974).Google Scholar

⁵ D. Roland, ‘The struggle for the Elementary Education Act and its implementation, 1870–1873’, Oxford B. Litt. thesis, 1957. I am extremely grateful to Mr Roland for lending me a copy of this much-studied thesis.

⁶ See Crossman, R. H. S., Inside view (London, 1972)Google Scholar, and Diaries of a cabinet minister (London, 1977), esp. vol. iii, pp. 881–2.Google Scholar

⁷ These letters are available on microfilm from the Public Record Office. The file number is Cab. 41.

⁸ See Hamer, D. A., Liberal politics in the age of Gladstone and Rosebery (Oxford, 1972), esp. pp. 107–8.Google Scholar

⁹ Beales, D., ‘Gladstone and his diary: “Myself, the worst of all interlocutors’”, The Historical Journal, xxv (1982), 463–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰ See n. 2 above. The memoranda for 1868–74 occupy pp. 1–35 of vol. iv.

¹¹ Morley, J., The life of William Ewart Gladstone (3 vols., London, 1903), II, 456.Google Scholar

¹² ibid. pp. 446–9.

¹³ Matthew, H. C. G., ‘Disraeli, Gladstone, and the politics of mid-Victorian budgets’, The Historical Journal, xxii (1980), 615–43Google Scholar; ‘Gladstone, Vaticanism, and the question of the East’, Studies in Church History, xv (1978), 417–42. Dr Matthew kindly sent me a copy of the latter article.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Quarterly Review, c, 521–70.

¹⁵ Costin, W. C. & Watson, J. S., The law and working of the constitution (2 vols., London, 1952), II, 180–2.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Prest, J. M., Lord John Russell (London, 1972), p. 288.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Quarterly Review, c, 526.

¹⁸ Speeches of...Gladstone...in South-West Lancashire, October, 1868 (Liverpool, 1868), p. 52. (Ormskirk, 12 Oct. 1868.)Google Scholar

¹⁹ ibid. p. 74. (Wigan, 23 Oct. 1868.)

²⁰ ibid. pp. iii-iv.

²¹ The Times, 19 Dec. 1867; Educational Record, no. 78 (Jan. 1868), pp. 114–16; Diaries, v, xli, and vi, 563.

²² See Harvie, C., The lights of Liberalism (London, 1976), esp. ch. vi. The copy of Questions in the Seeley Historical Library, Cambridge, which had belonged to a member of the 1868 cabinet, Earl de Grey, was still uncut in 1977.Google Scholar

²³ Vincent, J. R., The formation of the Liberal party (London, 1966), p. 84.Google Scholar

²⁴ E.g. by Vincent, Formation; Hanham, H. J., Elections and party management: politics in the time of Disraeli and Gladstone (London, 1959)Google Scholar; Cowling, M., 1867: Disraeli, Gladstone, and revolution (Cambridge, 1967).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁵ E.g. Gladstone to Sullivan, 7 Jan. 1869 (Diaries, vii, 4).

²⁶ I learned of this from Clayton, J. D., ‘Gladstone's leadership of the parliamentary Liberal party, 1868–1874’, Oxford D. Phil, thesis (1961), p. 5 and appendix.Google Scholar

²⁷ See the very important letter to Bright of 25 Nov. 1871 and the associated memorandum (Diaries, viii, 67–9). Roland,‘ Struggle for the Education Act,’ pp. 741–4, reproduces the pieces and points out their inaccuracies.

²⁸ Diaries, vii, xxxi; Memoir of...Lord Hatherley, ed. Stephens, W. R. W. (2 vols., London, 1883), vol. 11, 5.Google Scholar

²⁹ Roland, ‘Struggle for the Education Act,’ p. 185. Cf. Diaries, vii, log, n. 6.

³⁰ Educational Record, nos. 84 a n d 88, reports of annual conferences (1869, 1870).

³¹ Briggs, A., intro. to Adams, F., History of the elementary school contest in England (Brighton, 1972), p. xvi.Google Scholar

³² Salisbury to Gladstone, 13 June 1870, reproduced in Roland, ‘Struggle for Elementary Education’, pp. 702–3.

³³ Burke's Peerage (1879), p. 299; Vincent, Formation, pp. 25–7.

³⁴ Much of the Manning material can be found, and this question is discussed, in McClelland, V. A., Cardinal Manning: his public life and influence, 1865–1892 (London, 1962).Google Scholar

³⁵ Gladstone's speeches, ed. Bassett, A. T. (London, 1916), pp. 441–4Google Scholar. See McDowell, R. B. and Webb, D. A., Trinity College, Dublin, 1592–1952 (Cambridge, 1982), p. 4.Google Scholar

³⁶ Gladstone's speeches, pp. 435,460–2; McDowell and Webb, Trinity College, Dublin, pp. 253–5.

³⁷ Cf. Gladstone to Bright, 1 Oct. 1870 (vii, 374), with John, first earl of Kimberley, A Journal of events during the Gladstone ministry, 1868–1874 (ed. E. Drus) [Camden Miscellany, vol. xxi], pp. 18–20; Fitzmaurice, Lord E., Life of Lord Granville (2 vols., London, 1905), II, 62–4Google Scholar; The political correspondence of Mr Gladstone and Lord Granville, 1868–1876 (2 vols., London, 1952), esp. nos. 314, 316 (and p. 135, n. 2), 319, 323, 325.Google Scholar

³⁸ Taylor, A. J. P., The trouble makers (London, 1957), p. 74.Google Scholar

³⁹ Raymond, D. N., British policy and opinion during the Franco-Prussian war (New York, 1967), pp. 220–3.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ ‘Germany, France and England’, Edinburgh Review, cxxxii (1870), 554–93. Quotations from pp. 564, 576, 588.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Saturday Review, quoted in Raymond, British policy and opinion, p. 221.

⁴² Kimberley, Journal, p. 32.