This list contains references from the content that can be linked to their source. For a full set of references and notes please see the PDF or HTML where available.
Hélène Grandhomme , ‘La politique Musulmane de la France au Sénégal (1936–1964)’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, 38 (2004), pp. 237–78
Robert Launay and Benjamin F. Soares , ‘The formation of an “Islamic Sphere” in French colonial West Africa’, Economy and Society, 28 (1999), pp. 497–519
Gregory Mann and Baz Lecocq , ‘Between empire, Umma, and the Muslim third world: the French Union and African pilgrims to Mecca, 1946–1958’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 27 (2007), pp. 167–81
C. N. Ubah , ‘Colonial administration and the spread of Islam in Northern Nigeria’, Muslim World, 81 (1991), pp. 133–48
Andrew E. Barnes , ‘“Religious insults”: Christian critiques of Islam and the government in colonial Northern Nigeria’, Journal of Religion in Africa, 34 (2004), pp. 62–81
Auwalu Hamsxu Yadudu , ‘Colonialism and the transformation of the substance and form of Islamic law in the Northern states of Nigeria’, Journal of Law and Religion, 9 (1991), pp. 17–47
Jonathan Reynolds , ‘Good and bad Muslims: Islam and indirect rule in Northern Nigeria’, International Journal of African Historical Studies, 34 (2001), pp. 601–18
Michael B. Miller , ‘Pilgrims’ progress: the business of the hajj’, Past and Present, 191 (2006), pp. 189–228
Saurabh Mishra , Pilgrimage, politics and pestilence: the haj from the Indian subcontinent, 1860–1920 (Delhi, 2011)
A. S. Morrison , Russian rule in Samarkand, 1868–1910: a comparison with British India (Oxford, 2008), esp. pp. 51–87
John Fisher , ‘British responses to Mahdist and other unrest in North and West Africa, 1919–1930’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 52 (2006), pp. 347–61
Muhammad S. Umar , ‘Muslims’ eschatological discourses on colonialism in Northern Nigeria’, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 67 (1999), pp. 59–84
Fanny Colonna , ‘Cultural resistance and religious legitimacy in colonial Algeria’, Economy and Society, 3 (1974), pp. 233–52
Alexander Knysh , ‘Sufism as an explanatory paradigm: the issue of the motivations of Sufi resistance movements in Western and Russian scholarship’, Die Welt des Islams, 42 (2002), pp. 139–73
Michael Francis Laffan , Islamic nationhood and colonial Indonesia: the umma below the winds (London and New York, NY, 2003)
Nikki R. Keddie , ‘Pan-Islam as proto-nationalism’, Journal of Modern History, 41 (1969), pp. 17–28
Dwight E. Lee , ‘The origins of pan-Islamism’, American Historical Review, 47 (1942), pp. 278–87
Albert Christiaan Niemeijer , The Khilafat movement in India, 1919–1924 (The Hague, 1972)
Umar Ryad , Islamic reformism and Christianity: a critical reading of the works of Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā and his associates (1898–1935) (Leiden, 2009)
Jide Osuntokun , ‘Nigerias's colonial government and the Islamic insurgency in French West Africa, 1914–1918’, Cahiers d'Études Africaines, 15 (1975), pp. 85–93
Holger Weiss , ‘Variations in the colonial representation of Islam and Muslims in Northern Ghana, Ca. 1900–1930’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 25 (2005), pp. 73–95
Alex Padamsee , Representations of Indian Muslims in British colonial discourse (New York, NY, 2005)
Katherine Watt , ‘Thomas Walker Arnold and the re-evaluation of Islam, 1864–1930’, Modern Asian Studies, 36 (2002), pp. 1–98
Harry J. Benda , ‘Christian Snouck Hurgronje and the foundation of Dutch Islamic policy in Indonesia’, Journal of Modern History, 30 (1958), pp. 338–47
Ulrike Freitag , ‘Der Orientalist und der Mufti: Kulturkontakt im Mekka des 19. Jahrhunderts’, Die Welt des Islams, 43 (2003), pp. 37–60
Per Hassing , ‘Islam at the German Colonial Congresses’, Muslim World, 67 (1977), pp. 165–74