Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-p2v8j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-06T03:07:05.023Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Is Pregnancy Necessary? Feminist Concerns About Ectogenesis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 March 2020

Abstract

To what extent are women obliged to be child-bearers? If reproductive technology could offer some form of ectogenesis, would feminists regard it as a liberating reproductive option? Three lines of reproductive rights arguments currently used by feminists are applied to ectogenesis. Each fails to provide strong grounds for prohibiting it. Yet, there are several ways in which ectogenesis could contribute to women's oppression, in particular, if it were used to undermine abortion rights, reinforce traditional views of fertility, increase fetal rights in pregnancy, and perpetuate the unequal distribution of scarce medical resources. A re-thinking of women's relationship to pregnancy is needed in order to challenge ectogenetic research.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1989 by Hypatia, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, Jeffner. 1984. Motherhood: the annihilation of women. In Mothering: Essays in Feminist Theory, Trebilcot, Joyce ed., New Jersey: Rowman & Allanheld, 315330.Google Scholar
Arditti, Rita, Duelli Klein, Renate, and Minden, Shelley. 1984. Test‐tube women. London Pandora Press.Google Scholar
Bulletti, C, Jasonni, VM, Tabanelli, S., et al. 1988. Early human pregnancy in vitro utilizing an artificially perfused uterus. Fertility and Sterility 49 (6): 16.10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59949-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradish, Paula. 1987. From genetic counseling and genetic analysis, to genetic ideal and genetic fate? In Made to Order. See Spallone (1987).Google Scholar
Bullard, Linda. 1987. Killing us softly: toward a feminist analysis of genetic engineering. In Made to Order. See Spallone (1987).Google Scholar
Burfoot, Annette. 1988. A review of the third annual meeting of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis 1 (1).Google ScholarPubMed
Corea, Gena. 1985. The mother machine: Reproductive technologies from artificial insemination to artificial wombs. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Corea, Gena, and Hammer, J., Hoskins, B., Raymond, J., et al. 1987. Man‐made women: How new reproductive technologies affect women. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Corea, Gena, and Ince, Susan. 1987. Report of a survey of IVF Clinics in the US. In Made to Order. See Spallone (1987).Google Scholar
Crowe, Christine. 1987. Women want it: In vitro fertilization and women's motivations for participation. In Made to Order. See Spallone (1987).Google Scholar
Daston, GP, Ebron, MT, Carver, B., et al. 1987. In vitro teratongenicity of ethylenethiourea in the rat. Teratology 35 (2): 239–45.10.1002/tera.1420350210CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Firestone, Shulamith. 1970. The dialectic of sex. New York: Bantam.Google Scholar
Goodlin, Robert C. 1963. An improved fetal incubator. Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Int. Organ. 9: 348350.Google ScholarPubMed
Hammer, J.et al. 1988. New reproductive technologies: News from France and elsewhere. Reproductive and Genetic Engineering 1 (1).Google Scholar
Holmes, Helen B., and Hoskins, Betty B. 1987. Prenatal and preconception sex choice technologies: A path to femicide. In Man‐Made women. See Corea (1987).Google Scholar
Kirby, M.D. 1984. Bioethics of IVF—the state of the debate. In Journal of Medical Ethics 1:4548.10.1136/jme.10.1.45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laborie, Francoise. 1987. Looking for mothers you only find fetuses. In Made to Order. See Spallone (1987).Google Scholar
McDonough, Paul G. 1988. Comment. Fertility and Sterility 50 (6): 1001–2.Google Scholar
Murphy, Julien S. 1984. Egg farming and women's future. Test‐Tube women. 1984. Arditti, Renate Duelli, and Minden, Shelley eds., London: Pandora Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, Julien S. 1986. Abortion rights and fetal termination. Journal of Social Philosophy 15 (3).Google Scholar
Murphy, Julien S. 1989. Should pregnancy be sustained in brain‐dead women? A philosophical discussion of postmortem pregnancy. In Healing Technologies. Strother Ratcliffe, Kathryn, Marx Ferree, Myra, Mellow, Gail, et al eds., Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Navasky, Victor. 1988. Bitter pill. The Nation 247 (15): 515516.Google Scholar
Raymond, Janice G. 1987. Fetalists and feminists: they are not the same. In Made to Order. See Spallone (1987).Google Scholar
Rowland, Robyn. 1987a. Of women born, but for how long? The relationship of women to the new reproductive technologies and the issue of choice. Made to Order. See Spallone (1987).Google Scholar
Rowland, Robyn. 1987b. Motherhood, patriarchal power, alienation and the issue of ‘choice’ in sex preselection. In Made to Order. See Spallone (1987).Google Scholar
Singer, Peter and Wells, Deane. 1984. Making Babies. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.Google Scholar
Solomon, Alison. 1988. Integrating infertility crisis counseling into feminist practice. Reproductive and Genetic Engineering 1 (1).Google Scholar
Soules, Michael. 1985. The in vitro fertilization pregnancy rate—Let's be honest with one another. Fertility and Sterility 43 (4): 511513.10.1016/S0015-0282(16)48489-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spallone, Patricia and Steinberg, Deborah Lynn. 1987. International Report.Made to order: The myth of reproductive and genetic progress. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Steinbacher, Roberta and Holmes, Helen B. 1987. Sex choice: survival and sisterhood. In Man‐Made Women. See Corea (1987).Google Scholar
Suh, Mary. 1989. “RU Detour.” Ms. (January/February): 135136.Google Scholar
Warnock, Mary. 1984. A Question of life: The Wamock report on human fertilisation & embryology. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wells, Deane 1987. Ectogenesis, justice and utility: A reply to James. Bioethics 1 (4).10.1111/j.1467-8519.1987.tb00020.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed