Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T20:43:36.573Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A New Way of Teaching Criminology for Investigation and Trial: A Narrative-Based Approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2020

Giulia Schioppetto*
Affiliation:
Salesian University (IUSVE), Venice, Italy
Marco Monzani
Affiliation:
Salesian University (IUSVE), Venice, Italy University of Padua, Italy
Silvio Ciappi
Affiliation:
Faculty of Education, Istituto Universitario Pratesi, Italy Mental Health, Law and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada Salesian Pontifical University, Rome, Italy
*
*Corresponding Author: Giulia Schioppetto, 54 Duca d’Aosta Road, Mestre, Venice, Italy. E-mail: giulia.schioppetto@gmail.com

Abstract

The narrative-based approach acts as the only tool capable of creating and assigning a meaning to individual life stories, linking individuals to their actions. The use of narrative as a reference frame for understanding the motive of the crime therefore offers an innovative perspective into criminology and its forensic application. Through the stories of the criminals and the victims, of society, and the world of justice as a whole, doing narrative criminology means listening to and accurately analysing criminal life stories to shed some light and meaning on the obscure elements of reality that from time to time take shape as a violent act. After a review of the most recent literature in the criminological narrative area, the present work analyses the role of the criminologist as an expert who provides an essential contribution during investigation and trial phases. Moreover, the work proposes the use of a narrative approach and the contribution of a narrative criminologist in two different moments of the criminal procedure: during the investigation phase, through a preventive methodological narrative training of forensic experts, with emphasis on team work, and in the trial phase through the use of criminological interviews to assess criminal liability and dangerousness.

Abstracto

Abstracto

El enfoque basado en la narrativa actúa como la única herramienta capaz de crear y asignar un significado a las historias de vida individuales, vinculando a los individuos con sus acciones. El uso de la narrativa como marco de referencia para comprender el motivo del crimen, por lo tanto, ofrece una perspectiva innovadora de la criminología y su aplicación forense. A través de las historias de los delincuentes y las víctimas, de la sociedad y del mundo de la justicia en su conjunto, hacer criminología narrativa significa escuchar y analizar con precisión las historias de la vida criminal para arrojar algo de luz y significado sobre los elementos oscuros de la realidad que de vez en cuando toman forma como un acto violento. Después de una revisión de la literatura más reciente en el área narrativa criminológica, el presente trabajo analiza el papel del criminólogo como experto que proporciona una contribución esencial durante las fases de investigación y juicio. Además, el trabajo propone el uso de un enfoque narrativo y la contribución de un criminólogo narrativo en dos momentos diferentes del procedimiento penal: durante la fase de investigación, a través de una capacitación narrativa metodológica preventiva de expertos forenses, con énfasis en el trabajo en equipo, y en la fase de prueba mediante el uso de entrevistas criminológicas para evaluar la responsabilidad penal y la peligrosidad.

Abstrait

Abstrait

L’approche narrative agit comme le seul outil capable de créer et d’attribuer un sens aux histoires de vie individuelles, reliant les individus à leurs actions. L’utilisation du récit comme cadre de référence pour comprendre le motif du crime offre donc une perspective innovante de la criminologie et de son application médico-légale. À travers les histoires des criminels et des victimes, de la société et du monde de la justice dans son ensemble, faire de la criminologie narrative signifie écouter et analyser avec précision des histoires de vie criminelle pour faire la lumière et donner un sens aux éléments obscurs de la réalité qui, de temps en temps, prennent la forme d’un acte violent. Après une revue de la littérature la plus récente dans le domaine narratif criminologique, le présent travail analyse le rôle du criminologue en tant qu’expert qui apporte une contribution essentielle lors des phases d’enquête et de procès. De plus, le travail propose l’utilisation d’une approche narrative et la contribution d’un criminologue narratif à deux moments différents de la procédure pénale: pendant la phase d’enquête, à travers une formation narrative méthodologique préventive d’experts médico-légaux, en mettant l’accent sur le travail d’équipe, et dans la phase du procès grâce à des entretiens criminologiques pour évaluer la responsabilité pénale et la dangerosité.

摘要

摘要

本研究采用ZIP模型对中国珠江三角洲最大城市之一的1268个分层随机样本进行分析,在社会交换的视角下,分别确定了男性和女性配偶暴力攻击和严重程度的相关因素。结果表明,外来务工人员家庭中配偶暴力符合性别对称性,对男性的暴力主要表现为心理暴力。“抢摇篮”的新模式使男性在家庭关系中得到充分保护。但是,妇女的教育水平和经济独立并不是防止丈夫暴力的保护因素。尽管中国的家庭模式发生了变化,女性的地位也得到了提高,但父权制的认知在外来务工人员家庭中根深蒂固。年轻夫妇应该根据自己的能力为家庭做出贡献,而不应该让任何一方感到委屈。

ملخّص

ملخّص

يُعْتَبَرُ المنهج القائم على السّرد، الأداة الوحيدة القادرة على كتابة قصص واقعيّة من الحياة وإيجاد معنىً لها، وذلك من خلال الرّبط بين الأفراد وأفعالهم. وبالتالي، فإن استخدام السّرد كإطارٍ مرجعيٍّ لفهم دوافع الجريمة يقدّم منظورًا مبتكرًا في علم الإجرام وقابليّته للتّطبيق الشّرعي. فمن خلال قصص المجرمين والضحايا والمجتمع، وعالم العدالة ككل، بات علم الإجرام السّردي وسيلةً لسماعِ قصصٍ واقعيّةٍ من حياة المجرمين وتحليلها بدقّة. وبذلك، يمكن إلقاء بعض الضوء على العناصر الغامضة للجريمة وتفسيرها بعد أن تكون قد اتّخذت العنف، من وقتٍ لأخر، شكلاً لها. فبعد مراجعة أحدث المؤلفات في مجال السرد الإجرامي، يعمل البحث الحاليّ على تحليل دور عالِم الإجرام كخبير مساهمته أساسيّة خلال مرحلتي التّحقيق والمحاكمة. علاوة على ذلك، يقترح العمل استخدام منهج السرد ومساهمة الباحث في علم الإجرام السّرديّ في لحظتين مختلفتين من الإجراءات الجنائيّة: أثناء مرحلة التّحقيق، من خلال التدريب على السّرد المنهجيّ الوقائيّ لخبراء الطب الشرعيّ، مع التركيز على العمل الجماعي؛ وفي مرحلة المحاكمة، من خلال استخدام المقابلات الجنائيّة من أجل تقييم المسؤوليّة الجنائيّة وخطورتها.

Type
Article
Copyright
© 2020 International Society of Criminology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Bruner, Jerome. 1987. “Life as Narrative.Social Research 54(1):1132.Google Scholar
Bruner, Jerome. 1991. “The Narrative Construction of Reality.Critical Inquiry 18(1):121.Google Scholar
Canter, David V. 1994. Criminal Shadows. Inside the Mind of the Serial Killer. London: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Canter, David V., Kaouri, Christina, and Ioannou, Maria. 2003. “The Facet Structure of Criminal Narratives.” Pp. 2738 in Facet Theory: Towards Cumulative Social Science, edited by Levy, Shlomit and Elizur, Dov. Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Center for Educational Development.Google Scholar
Canter, David V. and Youngs, Donna E.. 2012. “Narratives of Criminal Action and Forensic Psychology.Legal and Criminological Psychology 17(2):262–75.Google Scholar
Ciappi, Silvio. 2010. La nueva penalidad. Bogotá: Universidad del Externado de Colombia.Google Scholar
Ciappi, Silvio. 2012. “Le catene di Pinel: pratiche riflessive della criminologia e della psichiatria forense (Pinel’s Chains: Consideration on Reflexivity in the Field of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry).Rassegna di Criminologia VI(2):116–29.Google Scholar
Ciappi, Silvio. 2013. Psicopatologia narrativa. Funzionamento del Se e pratica clinica. Rome: LAS.Google Scholar
Ciappi, Silvio. 2015. Ritratto di una mente assassina. Trauma, attaccamento e dissociazioni in un killer seriale. Milan: FrancoAngeli.Google Scholar
Ciappi, Silvio. 2019. La mente nomade. Metodo narrativo-relazionale e costruzione dell'identità in psicopatologia. Milan: Mimesis.Google Scholar
Ciappi, Silvio and Schioppetto, Giulia. 2018a. Criminologia Narrativa. Storie, analisi e ascolto della condotta violenta. Padova: libreriauniversitaria.itGoogle Scholar
Ciappi, Silvio and Schioppetto, Giulia. 2018b. “Comprendere il gesto violento: l’approccio narratologico.Cambio 1(15):8998.Google Scholar
Fisher, Walter R. 1987. Human Communication as Narration: Toward a Philosophy of Reason, Value, and Action. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Herman, David, Jahn, Manfred, and Ryan, Marie-Laure (editors). 2005. Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ioannou, Maria, Canter, David V., and Youngs, Donna E.. 2017. “Criminal Narrative Experience: Relating Emotions to Offence Narrative Roles During Crime Commission.International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 61(14):1531–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ioannou, Maria, Canter, David V., and Youngs, Donna E., and Synnott, John. 2015. “Offenders’ Crime Narratives across Different Types of Crimes.Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 15(5):383400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, William. 1890. The Principles of Psychology. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Maruna, Shadd. 2001. Making Good: How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild Their Lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdams, Dan P. 1988. Power, Intimacy, and the Life Story. Personological Inquiries into Identity. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
McAdams, Dan P. 2001. “The Psychology of Life Stories.Review of General Psychology 5(2):100–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdams, Dan P. 2006. “The Role of Narrative in Personality Psychology Today.Narrative Inquiry 16(1):1118.Google Scholar
McAdams, Dan P. [1988, 1992] 2008. “Personal Narratives and the Life Story.” Pp. 242–62 in Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, edited by John, Oliver P., Robins, Richard W., and Pervin, Lawrence A.. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Monzani, Marco. 2011. Percorsi di criminologia. Padova: libreriauniversitaria.itGoogle Scholar
Monzani, Marco. 2013. Manuale di psicologia giuridica. Padova: libreriauniversitaria.itGoogle Scholar
Monzani, Marco. 2016. Manuale di criminologia. Padova: libreriauniversitaria.itGoogle Scholar
Polkinghorne, Donald E. 1988. Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences. New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Presser, Lois. 2009. “The Narratives of Offenders.Theoretical Criminology 13(2):177200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Presser, Lois. 2016. “Criminology and the Narrative Turn.Crime, Media and Culture: An International Journal 12(2):137–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Presser, Lois and Sandberg, Sveinung. 2015. Narrative Criminology: Understanding Stories of Crime. New York: NYU Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Presser, Lois and Sandberg, Sveinung. 2019. “Narrative Criminology as Critical Criminology.Critical Criminology 27(1):131–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Punday, Daniel. 2002. Narrative After Deconstruction. New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Sarbin, Theodore R. 1986. Narrative Psychology: The Storied Nature of Human Conduct. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Schiff, Brian. 2012. “The Function of Narrative: Toward a Narrative Psychology of Meaning.Narrative Works: Issues, Investigation, and Interventions 2(1):3347.Google Scholar
Tomkins, Silvan S. 1979. “Script Theory: Differential Magnification of Affects.” Pp. 201–36 in Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Vol. 26, edited by Howe, H. E. Jr and Dienstbier, R. A.. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Verde, Alfredo and Barbieri, Cristiano (editors). 2010. Narrative del male. Dalla fiction alla vita, dalla vita alla fiction. Milan: FrancoAngeli.Google Scholar
Youngs, Donna E. and Canter, David V.. 2009. “An Emerging Research Agenda for Investigative Interviewing: Hypotheses from the Narrative Action System.Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling 6(2):91–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Youngs, Donna E. and Canter, David V.. 2011. “Narrative Roles in Criminal Action: An Integrative Frame Work for Differentiating Offenders.Legal and Criminological Psychology 16(2):99119.Google Scholar
Youngs, Donna E. and Canter, David V.. 2012. “Offenders’ Crime Narratives as Revealed by the Narrative Roles Questionnaire.International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 57(3):289311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Legislation

Art. 80 of the Italian Penitentiary Law 354/1975Google Scholar
Art. 88 of the Italian Penal CodeGoogle Scholar
Art. 220 to art. 233 of the Italian Code of Criminal ProcedureGoogle Scholar
Art. 392 of the Italian Code of Criminal ProcedureGoogle Scholar
Law 397/2000, Disposizioni in Tema di Indagini Difensive; Instructions on Defensive InvestigationGoogle Scholar