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Punishment and the Problem of General Prevention

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2025

Johannes Andenaes
Johannes Andenaes*
Affiliation:
University of Oslo
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Extract

The term general prevention is not well known in the English-speaking world, where in discussing the effects of punishment it is customary to distinguish between deterrence, reformation and incapacitation. Reformation and incapacitation refer to the effects on the convict, while deterrence refers to the effects on both the convict and an others.

Information

Type
III. — Rapports Généraux General Reports: Première Section — First Section: Prophylaxie et Traitement Prophylaxis and Treatment
Information
International Annals of Criminology , Volume 8 , Issue 2: Le Traitement des Delinquants , 1969 , pp. 285 - 319
Copyright
Copyright © 1969 International Society for Criminology

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References

(1) See, for example, Tappan, Crime, Justice and Correction, 1960, p. 247.

(2) Norsk Retstidende 1945, p. 109 (116).

(3) Barnes and Teeters, New Horizons in Criminology, 2th ed., 1951, p. 338.

(4) Ellingston (John), Protecting our Children from Criminal Careers, 1948, p. 43 (cited from Ball, 46 Journal of Criminology, Criminal Law and Police Science, p. 351.

(5) Omsted in Forhandlinger ved Den Norske Kriminalistforenings möte i 1935, p. 42.

(6) Tappan, Crime, Justice and Correction, 1960, p. 246.

(7) Zilborg, The Psychology of the Criminal Act and Punishment, 1954, p. 78.

(8) Ball (John C.), «The Deterrence Concept in Criminology and Law in 46, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, p. 352.

(9) Wilkins (Leslie), «Criminology: An Operational Research Program», in Society. Problems and Methods of Study, ed. Welford et al., 1962, p. 322.

(10) Such and analysis has been made in my article, « General Prevention. Illusion of Reality? », in 43 Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 1952-1953, p. 176 ff. (See p. 181-190). Six types of violations are treated: Police offences, economic crimes, property violations, moral offences, murder, and political crimes.

(11) Grassberger (Roland), Gewerbs-und Berufsverbrechertum in den Vereinigten Maaten von Amerika, Wien, 1933, p. 299.

(12) Kinberg (Olof), Basic Problems of Criminology, 1935, p. 168-169.

(13) See, e.g., the discussion in Model Penal Code, Tentative, Draft n° 4, p. 158, 184.

(14) Andenaes, loc. cit., p. 182-186.

(15) Kinberg, Basic Problems of Criminology, 1935, ch. vi, has collected much information on this.

(16) Quoted by Mannheim, Social Aspects of Crime in England between the Wars, 1940, p. 156-157. Similar behaviour occurred in Boston during a police strike in 1919 (according to a report in the Danish legal periodical Juristen 1942, p. 691-693). The London police strike of August 1918, which lasted only twenty-four hours, was not accompanied by any outbreak of lawlessness (Mannheim, loc. cit.).

(17) Trolle (Jörgen), Syv Maaneder uden Politi (Seven Months without Police), 1945.

(18) Tarde (Gabriel), Penal Philosophy, English translation, Boston, 1912, p. 476.

(19) Taft (Donald R.), Criminology, 1950, p. 322, 325, 361. Ball, loc. cit., p. 350.

(20) Sociala Meddelanden, 1958, p. 329-330.

(21) See Toby (Jackson), reformulating the views of Durkheim, 55 Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 1964, p. 334.

(22) See, e.g., the figures quoted by Glanville (Williams), The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law, 1958, p. 189-193.

(23) Glanville (Williams), op. cit., p. 200-201.

(24) Glanville (Williams), op. cit., p. 214, Excerpta Criminologica, vol. II, 1962, p. 73.

(25) Excerpta Criminologica, vol. II, 1962, p. 73.

(26) James (Fitzjames Stephen), A History of the Criminal Law of England, 1883, II, p. 81.

(27) Walker (Nigel) and Argyle (Michael), «Does the Law affect Moral Judgement», The British Journal of Criminology, vol. IV, 1964, p. 570-581.

(28) James (Fitzjames Stephen), A General View of the Criminal Law of England, 1863, p. 99.

(29) Trotsky (L.), Terrorisme et communisme, Petrograd, 1920, p. 68.

(30) Tarde, Penal Philosophy, Boston, 1912, p. 480.

(31) See, f.i., Lord Russell of Liverpool, The Scourge of the Swastika, 1954, about the German army in Russia in World War II (especially p. 132-133).

(32) Beutel (Frederick K.), Experimental Jurisprudence, 1957, p. 366.

(33) A first-rate and up-to-date survey is given by Hood (Roger) in a report to the European Council in 1964 (Research on the Effectiveness of Punishments and Treatments, DPC/CDIR, 64, 9).

(34) Beutel (Frederick K.), Experimental Jurisprudence, 1957.

(35) Tarde (Gabriel), Penal Philosophy, 1912, p. 87.

(36) Kinberg (Olof), Basic Problems of Criminology, 1935, p. 127-138.

(37) Moore (Underhill) and Callahan (Charles C.), Law and Learning Theory, 1943.

(38) See Berrien (F. K.), Practical Psychology, N. Y., 1946, p. 454-455.

(39) Related to the author by Professor Anttila (Inkeri), Helsinki.

(40) Aubert (Wilhelm), Om Straffens sociale funksjon, Oslo, 1954, p. 177.

(41) See Aronson and Carlsmith, « The effect of severity of threat on the devaluation of forbidden behavior », American Psychologist, 1962, p. 300 (Excerpta Criminologica, vol. III, p. 23).

(42) Christie (Nils), Research into Methods of Crime Prevention, DPC/CDIR, 64, p. 10.

(43) Powers and Witmer, An Experiment in the Prevention of Delinquency. The Cambridge - Somerville Youth Study, 1951.

(44) Miller (Walter B.), The impact of a «total-community» delinquency control project, Social Problems, 1962, p. 168-191.

(45) Glud (S.), Kampen mod forbrydelsen, vol. III (1951), p. 396.

(46) See Coon (Thomas F.), Waterfront Commission Investigator, Excerpta Criminologica, vol. III, 1963, p. 369-371.

(47) Landis (Paul H.), Social Policies in the Making, 1952, p. 185 (cited from J.-C. Ball, 46 Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 1955-56, p. 348).

(48) Hart (H.-L.-A.), Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment, Papers read before the Aristotelian Society, 1959-60, p. 21-22.

(49) Aftenposten 20, September 1958.

(50) On this question see the remarks of Barbara Wootton, Crime and the Criminal Law, 1963, p. 100-101.