On February 28, 2024, the International Criminal Court's Trial Chamber IX issued the largest reparations order in the Court's history against Dominic Ongwen, a former commander in the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), for crimes Ongwen committed in Uganda between 2002 and 2005. Ongwen had been convicted of 62 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including murders, crimes of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), and abducting children and forcing them to fight in Uganda's civil war. After the Appeals Chamber affirmed Ongwen's convictions, Trial Chamber IX awarded €52,429,000 in reparations to 49,772 victims of his crimes. Ongwen has appealed. His appeal remains pending as of this writing.

On December 14, 2023, the Appeals Panel of the Kosovo Specialist Chambers (KSC) delivered its judgment in its first war crimes case against Salih Mustafa, a former commander of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), charged with leading a guerrilla unit known as the “BIA” unit Zllash, in the Gollak region of Kosovo. Mustafa was charged by the Specialist Prosecutor's Office (SPO) with war crimes, including arbitrary detention, cruel treatment, torture, and murder, in connection with the mistreatment of prisoners at a makeshift detention facility in Zllash in April 1999. The Appeals Judgment affirmed Mustafa's convictions for arbitrary detention, torture, and murder as war crimes, but granted his appeal, in part, against his sentence. The Appeals Panel lowered Mustafa's single sentence from twenty-six to twenty-two years of imprisonment, concluding that this reflected the totality of Mustafa's criminal conduct in this case. The sentence was subject to further review and determination by the Appeals Panel pursuant to the Supreme Court Panel's subsequent decision on protection of legality, wherein that Panel granted Grounds 1 and 3 of the Mustafa's Protection of Legality Request. The Supreme Court Panel annulled the Appeals Judgment with respect to Mustafa's sentence, and it remanded the Appeals Judgment to the Appeals Panel for a new determination thereon. Accordingly, the Appeals Chambers Panel made a new determination of the sentence, by imposing a single sentence of fifteen years of imprisonment on Mustafa. These Trial and Appeals judgments mark a milestone for the Kosovo Specialist Chambers (KSC), as they represent the first ruling by this tribunal in a war crimes case.

Genocide is the denial of the right of existence of a human group committed by intentional killing, destruction, or extermination of the group. Prohibited under international law as a jus cogens norm, it cannot be derogated from by international agreement or national legislation and imposes obligations erga omnes. Genocide is also an international crime, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war. On January 26, 2024, the ICJ delivered a provisional measures order (First PMO) requiring Israel to comply with its obligations under the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention) in relation to its military operations in the Gaza Strip. The Court found a plausible risk of Israel committing and/or inciting acts of genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and demanded, inter alia, that it prevent all such acts, in particular killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; and imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group.

On January 20, 2025 the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) ruled that Italy violated the right to life (Article 2 of the Convention) and the right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 of the Convention). The ruling was based on Italy's prolonged failure to address widespread illegal waste dumping by organized criminal groups in the Terra dei Fuochi (Land of Pyres) region near Naples.