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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 January 2009
In 1899 the Condominium Government was faced by administrative problems which, whatever their complexity in detail, fell into two broad divisions: those of the northern Sudan, and those of the Sudan south of the tenth parallel. Pacification was of course the first task everywhere; but even here there was a sharp contrast. In the north this was a politically urgent matter. The remote and heterogeneous tribes of the south, on the other hand, offered no political threat to the new government; and their pacification and administration would have been a heavy, perhaps a crushing, financial burden in the early years of the Condominium. The pacification of the south was therefore a process which lasted not for years but for decades; and the more constructive aspects of administration were correspondingly delayed. Moreover, in the north there was a recognizable foundation on which to build. The north was a part, if an outlying and culturally impoverished part, of the literate world of Islam; nor had it lost the traditions and techniques of ‘westernizing’ administration introduced during the Turco-Egyptian régime.
1 For the basic policy, see Salisbury's despatch to Cromer No. 109 of 2 Aug. 1898, printed in British Documents on the Origins of the War, I, No. 185. Until 1904 the revenue of the Sudan did not exceed half a million pounds; and it did not exceed expenditure until 1913.Google Scholar
2 For instance, the pacification of the Nuer was not seriously attempted until 1927.Google Scholar
3 Holt, P. M., A Modern History of the Sudan (London, 1961), 191.Google Scholar
4 Cf., Holt, A Modern History of the Sudan (London, 1961), 105–6;Google Scholar and The Mahdist State in the Sudan (Oxford, 1958), 225–47.Google Scholar
5 Trimingham, J. S., Islam in the Sudan (London, 1949), 254.Google Scholar
6 The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from Within, Ed. by Hamilton, J. A. de C. (London, 1935), 344.Google Scholar
7 Currie, J., ‘The Educational Experiment in the Anglo–Egyptian Sudan, 1900–33,’ Journal of the African Society, xxxiii (1934), 364.Google Scholar
8 Trimingham, op. Cit., 254.Google Scholar
9 MacMichael, H., The Sudan (London, 1955), 92.Google Scholar
10 Wingate, R., Wingate of the Sudan (London, 1955), 147.Google Scholar
11 Cromer to Lansdowne, 15 March 1905 (Report… on Egypt and the Sudan in 1904: Egypt No. 1 (1905), Cd. 2409, 140–1).Google Scholar
12 The task of resolving this dichotomy was not begun until 1948.Google Scholar
13 MacMichael, Op. cit., 91.Google Scholar
14 Stevenson, R., ‘Linguistic Research in the Nuba Mountains’ (to be published in Sudan Notes and Records, Khartoum).Google Scholar
15 Trimingham, op. cit., 34.Google Scholar
16 Barbour, K. M., The Republic of the Sudan (London, 1961), 172.Google Scholar
17 The Muslim elementary schools were, however, almost unaffected by these changes.Google Scholar
18 Gillan, J. A., Some Aspects of Nuba Administration, Sudan Government Memoranda No. 1 (Nov. 1931), 13.Google Scholar
19 The last tribal fight took place in Ilirl in 1930.Google Scholar
20 Gillan, op. cit., 33.Google Scholar
21 Henderson, K. D. D., The Making of the Modern Sudan; the Life and Letters of Sir Douglas Newbold (London, 1953), 42.Google Scholar
22 Duncan, J. S. R., The Sudan (London, 1952), 184.Google Scholar
23 Seligman, , Pagan Tribes of the Nilotic Sudan (London, 1932), 367.Google Scholar
24 The Pharaonic circumcision, an operation of infibulation in which in drastic cases all or parts of the mons veneris, the labia majora, the labia minora and the clitoris are excised, as practised in the northern Sudan, was not practised among the Nuba.Google Scholar
25 Speech by Lord Cromer to Sheikhs and notables of the Sudan, Zetland, Lord Croiner (London, 1932), 249.Google Scholar
26 Provincial Education Office, El Obeid, Kordofan, Government Policy File, 28.6.23.Google Scholar
27 Kuttabs are the government Muslim elementary schools.Google Scholar
28 Gillan, op. cit., 32.Google Scholar
29 Wingate, R., Wingate of the Sudan (London, 1955), 147.Google Scholar
30 Information from MrLunn, W. J., Abri, S.U.M., Sudan.Google Scholar
31 Gillan, op. cit., 33.Google Scholar
32 i.e. other than on Muslim northern lines.Google Scholar
33 In 1928 approximately.Google Scholar
34 Information from MrLunn., W. J.Google Scholar
35 Village centres for simple educational and religious instruction in a simple enclosure.Google Scholar
36 Trimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan (London, 1949), 27.Google Scholar
37 Gillan, op. cit., 33.Google Scholar
38 Provincial Education Office, El Obeid, Kordofan, Policy File, Governor to Director of Education, 23–9–24.Google Scholar
39 Ibid.
40 Report on the Administration and Condition of the Sudan in 1929 (Sudan No. 1 (1930): Cmd. 3697, 122).Google Scholar
41 See map of mission ‘spheres’ in the 1929 Ministry of Education Annual Report.Google Scholar
42 Gillan, o. cit., 34.Google Scholar
43 Information from Mr W. J. Lunn.Google Scholar
44 Matthews, J. G., Memorandum of Educational Policy in the Nuba Pagan Area (Khartoum, 1930).Google Scholar
45 Information from Mr Lunn.Google Scholar
46 Matthews, op. cit.Google Scholar
47 Trimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan, 27.Google Scholar
48 Government agreement with Mr Cash of C.M.S. in 1933.Google Scholar
49 This school was closed shortly afterwards.Google Scholar
50 Khartoum University Library, Box 58 MU (Sudan Collection), Record of meeting on ‘Language teaching in Nuba schools’ of 7.12.35.Google Scholar
51 Local tribal chief.Google Scholar
52 Province Education Office, El Obeid, Kordofan, Policy File from 1923, Newbold to Director of Education, 23.12.33.Google Scholar
53 Henderson, op. cit., 43.Google Scholar
54 Policy File, El Obeid, already cited, Newbold to Secretary for Education, 21.5.34.Google Scholar
55 Henderson, op. Cit., 67.Google Scholar
56 Policy File, El Obeid, already cited, Newbold to Civil Secretary, 16.6.34.Google Scholar
57 Ibid. Secretary for Education to Newbold, 11.6.34.
58 Trimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan, 27.Google Scholar
59 Policy File, El Obeid, already cited, Newbold to Secretary for Education, 9.3.38.Google Scholar
60 The Bakht er Ruda Teacher Training College for elementary school masters was started in 1934 by Mr V. L. Griffiths.Google Scholar
61 Trimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan, 27.Google Scholar
62 Policy File, El Obeid, already cited, District Commissioner of Western Jebels, 2.5.39.Google Scholar
63 Ibid. Notes on Nuba Education, 23.5.39.
64 Trimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan, 27.Google Scholar
65 Policy File, El Obeid, already cited, Memorandum by Owen, T. R. S. of 16.12.40.Google Scholar
66 Trimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan, 28.Google Scholar
67 Where there were a few girls only requiring education they attended the boys' schools.Google Scholar
68 Information from Mr Lunn.Google Scholar
69 Ibid.
70 Trimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan, 27.Google Scholar
71 Girls did not enter the intermediate school because there were no boarding facilities for them.Google Scholar
72 C.S. Sudan Government Archives, Ministry of the Interior, Khartoum, Non-Government schools from 1950.Google Scholar
73 Nadel, S. F., The Nuba (ondon, 1947).Google Scholar
74 Ibid.,481.
75 Ibid.,552.
76 Ibid.,487.
77 In 1959 when Dr R. Stevenson and his staff left the Katcha school, there were z so boys and 50 girls in the school. 90 per Cent of the inhabitants of the village were Nuba and the rest Arab. 60 per cent were Christian and 40 per cent Muslim. Some of the girls had to leave school on the departure of Miss R. Hassan as there was no longer any boarding provision for girls.Google Scholar
78 A personal investigation was made by the writer.Google Scholar
79 Gillan, op. cit., 6.Google Scholar
80 Ibid.,34.
