2 For the life of Broughton see entry in Kenneth Cable, Cable Clerical Index, available online at: http://anglicanhistory.org/aus/cci/index.pdf (accessed 25 January 2022) and George Shaw, Patriarch and Patriot: William Grant Broughton 1788–1853 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1978). This is the standard biography. For an account of the Hunter River tour in 1843 see Shaw, Patriarch and Patriot, pp. 166-67, but there is no detailed account by Shaw of the 1845 Visitation to Southern NSW, the subject of this study. For details of the early clergy in the Colony such as Richard Johnson, Samuel Marsden and Thomas Hobbes Scott, see Cable Clerical Index.

3 William Grant Broughton, Church in Australia. Two Journals of Visitation to the northern and southern portions of his diocese by the Lord Bishop of Australia. (London, 1846). This pamphlet is rare but two copies exist in the National Library of Australia in Canberra. They are the basis of this study. Shaw in his biography of Broughton makes little mention of this 1845 visitation but Broughton’s account of it is very important as a record of his views on the place of the Church of England in Colonial society. To Coleridge he described himself as ‘almost constantly a wanderer upon the face of earth or sea’ (Shaw, Patriarch and Patriot, p. 182).

4 Broughton to Coleridge. Transcription of a letter edited by Dr Bruce Kaye from microfilm in the National Library. Reverend Edward Coleridge, born in 1800, was a House Master at Eton College and was the son-in-law of the Head Master, Dr Keate. He was a cousin of the famous poet. Coleridge first met Broughton in 1835 and they became lifelong friends and corresponded regularly. See Shaw, Patriarch and Patriot, p. 166.

5 See Stewart Brown and Peter Nockles (eds.), The Oxford Movement: Europe and the Wider World 1830–1930 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). Also Brian Douglas: The Eucharistic Theology of Edward Bouverie Pusey (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015), p. 47. The Lenten book mentioned by Broughton in his letter to Coleridge, p. 312 of the Kaye transcription, was by Jean Baptiste Elie Avrillon, A Guide to Lent. Avrillon (1652–1729) was a French Franciscan priest and spiritual writer. Several of his books were translated by Pusey and published in London.

6 David Stoneman, ‘The Church Act: The Expansion of Christianity or the Imposition of Moral Enlightenment?’ PhD thesis, University of New England, Armidale, 2011. Online at https://rune.une.edu.au/web/handle/1959.11/10794 (accessed 25 January 2022). Especially Chapter 3, ‘William Broughton and Anglican Ascendency’, pp. 98ff. Other chapters dealing with the rise of Catholicism and the rights of Scottish Presbyterians, are also very relevant. This is an important study.

7 Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB) (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1967), II, pp. 509-12 and pp. 340-47 for entries on J.J. Therry and John Bede Polding.

8 Malcolm Prentis, The Scots in Australia (Sydney: University New South Wales Press, 2008).

9 D.W.A. Baker, Days of Wrath: A Life of John Dunmore Lang (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1985). Baker treats Lang’s clashes with Broughton in much detail. This is the definitive biography of Lang. See also Robert J. Willson, ‘A Colonial Clergyman: James Allan and the Church of England in the Braidwood District’, Litt. B. degree thesis, Australian National University, 1982. James Allan and John Gregor were two Presbyterian Ministers who were ordained in the Church of England by Broughton after having clashed with Lang. Allan served for many years at Braidwood and was later to be at St John’s, Canberra for the consecration of that church by Broughton on his Visitation.

10 A.T. Yarwood, Samuel Marsden, The Great Survivor (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1977), pp. 207ff. For Samuel Leigh see ADB, II, p. 105.

11 Andrew Tink, William Charles Wentworth: Australia’s Greatest Native Son (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2009), p. 77.

12 Ross Border, Church and State in Australia, 1788–1872 (London: SPCK, 1962), p. 80.

13 Robert Browning, Andrea del Sarto. From Browning, Men and Women (London, 1855).

14 See Sydney Herald, 3 January 1840 for the foundation of that church and John Spooner, The Archbishops of Railway Square (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2002), for a general history of the Parish.

15 James Broadbent and Joy Hughes (eds.), The Age of Macquarie (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1992). Though Broughton arrived in the Colony after that period it provides a valuable background for his ministry.

16 Felix Mitchell, Back to Cooma (Shire of Cooma, 1926), p. 72. See this book for details of the families of Blomfield and Brooks.

17 The standard biography is by M.H. Ellis, John Macarthur (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1955). See also a recent study by Michelle Scott Tucker, Elizabeth Macarthur: A Life at the end of the World (Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2018).

18 Broughton, Visitation, entry for 15 January 1845.

19 For life of Cowper see ADB, III, p. 479. For local hostility to Broughton as ‘Lord Bishop’, see The Sydney Gazette and other newspapers, quoted in Shaw, Patriarch and Patriot, p. 104.

20 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, Saturday 10 June 1815, published Governor Macquarie’s full account of his journey over the newly made road to Bathurst.

21 Shaw, Patriarch and Patriot, pp. 164-65. See also Sydney Morning Herald (SMH), 16 March 1843 for a dramatic account of the arrival of Polding.

22 Broughton to Coleridge, 21 January 1845.

23 Theo Barker, A History of Bathurst (Bathurst: Crawford House Press, 1992), I, pp. 24ff.

24 C.A. White, The Challenge of the Years: A History of the Presbyterian Church in the State of New South Wales (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1951), pp. 248-50. See also ADB, II, pp. 482-83, pp. 334-35 and pp. 361-62 for entries on William Stewart, John Piper and George Ranken.

25 ADB, II, pp. 1-2 for entry on Thomas Icely.

26 The reference to travelling ‘beyond the boundaries’ refers to the Nineteen Counties, which were defined as the limits of location in the first half of the nineteenth century. The wilderness was regarded as dangerous because of hostile Aboriginal attacks and the Government could not provide effective protection beyond what it defined as the Nineteen Counties, mapped by Surveyor General Major Thomas Mitchell in 1834. This Government regulation was a dead letter from the start and settlers, known as ‘squatters’, ran large numbers of sheep and cattle in the wilderness areas beyond the boundaries. The literature on this period is extensive.

27 D.W.A. Baker, The Civilised Surveyor: Thomas Mitchell and the Australian Aborigines (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1997), p. 68.

28 Roger Milliss, Waterloo Creek, The Australia Day Massacre of 1838, George Gipps and the British Conquest of New South Wales (Sydney: McPhee Gribble Penguin Books, 1992), p. 126. This is a very important study of a complex subject. See also Stephen Gapps, Gudyarra: The First Wiradjuri War of Resistance, Bathurst, 1822–1824 (Sydney: New South Books, 2021). This book, the result of recent study, helps to explain why Broughton saw so few members of the Wiradjuri tribe on his travels south from Bathurst. For life of Lancelot Threlkeld, see ADB, II, pp. 528-30.

29 Broughton, Visitation, p. 9. Broughton recorded details of his arduous travels to remind readers that the Australian experience of a bishop was vastly different to the English scene.

30 Burrowa, a rural township whose name is now spelt ‘Boorowa’. Broughton would have seen it near the beginning of its history. Later a number of Irish ex-convict families settled in the area and gave it a strong Roman Catholic tradition, a trend which the bishop doubtless regretted.

31 For the life of Cartwright see Cable Clerical Index.

32 Broughton, Visitation, p. 11. For the life of Brigstocke see Cable Clerical Index.

33 For details of the properties of Trevelyan and Broughton see New South Government Gazette, September 1848. This publication records the boundaries of claims to leases of Crown Lands beyond the settled districts.

34 Broughton, Visitation, pp. 12-13.

35 Ransome T. Wyatt, The History of the Diocese of Goulburn (Sydney: Bragg and Sons, 1937).

36 Broughton, Visitation, 14 February, pp. 17-18.

37 Broughton, Visitation, p. 6.

38 Broughton, Visitation, p. 20. The little wooden church Broughton planned was eventually built of stone, opened in 1860 and named ‘St Mary the Virgin’. More than a century later it is still visited by the present Rector of the Parish of Berridale.

39 Broughton, Visitation, pp. 21-25.

40 A.H. Body, Firm Still You Stand (Canberra: St John’s Parish Council, 1986), p. 12. For the life of Robert Campbell see ADB, I, pp. 202-206.

41 John Lhotsky, A Journey from Sydney to the Australian Alps, 1834 (Hobart: Blubber Head Press, 1979), pp. 67-68.

42 The Gospel of Mark 1.3 (av).

43 SMH, 21 March 1845.

44 Body, Firm Still You Stand, pp. 14-15.

45 Shaw, Patriarch and Patriot, p. 182.

46 Broughton, Visitation, p. 9 and p. 17.