Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-mwx4w Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-17T01:53:37.202Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Continuity and Change in Indonesian Language Development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

J. Joseph Errington
Get access

Abstract

The development of Indonesian as a new national language is closely linked to the development of Indonesia as a new nation, but the Indonesian language has only rarely been studied as a part of larger patterns of social and cultural change. An overview of the language situation in Jakarta, Indonesia's center and capital, highlights linguistic continuities and discontinuities between that modern speech community and the traditional culture of the dominant Indonesian ethnic group, the Javanese. The speech repertoires of Jakartans do not resemble the well-known Javanese speech levels, as Benedict Anderson has suggested, but they are better described with the widely known sociolinguistic concept of diglossia. This relatively abstract characterization can be complemented by a study of patterns of borrowing into Indonesian from foreign languages, which may reflect long-standing indigenous attitudes toward power and the use of foreign linguistic codes. Different aspects of the rapidly changing linguistic situation in Jakarta may reflect on the emerging national language and culture.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 45 , Issue 2 , February 1986 , pp. 329 - 353
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Adiwimarta, Sri Soekesi. 1973. Omong Djakarta-texte [Jakartanese texts]. Veroffentlichungen des seminars für Indonesische und Sudseesprachen der Universität Hamburg, Band 8. Berlin: Verlag von Dietrich Reiner.Google Scholar
Alisjahbana, S. T. 1971a. “Fungsi standardisasi dalam pertumbuhan Bahasa Indonesia menjadi bahasa kebangsaan dan bahasa resmi modern” [The function of standardization in the development of Indonesian into the national language and an official modern language] and “Discussion.” Seminar Bahasa Indonesia 1968 [Seminar on Indonesian 1968], ed. Kridalaksana, Hari and Kentjono, Djoko, pp. 21–36. Jakarta: Nusa Indah.Google Scholar
Alisjahbana, S. T. 1971b. “Indonesian and Malaysia.” In Current Trends in Linguistics, ed. Sebeok, T. A., pp. 1087–1089. Vol. 8.Google Scholar
Alisjahbana, S. T. 1976a. Language Planning for Modernization: The Case of Indonesian and Malaysian. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Alisjahbana, S. T. 1976b. “Politik bahasa nasional dan pembinaan bahasa Indonesia” [National language politics and the development of Indonesian]. Politik bahasa nasional [National language politics], ed. Halim, Amran, pp. 37–53. Vol. 1. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict R. O'G. 1966. “The Languages of Indonesian Politics.” Indonesia 1:89–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Benedict R. O'G. 1972. “The Idea of Power in Javanese Culture.” In Culture and Politics in Indonesia., ed. Holt, C., pp. 1–69. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict R. O'G. 1974. Notes on Indonesian Political Communication. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict R. O'G. 1978. “Cartoons and Monuments: The Evolution of Political Communication Under the New Order.” In Political Power and Communication in Indonesia, ed. Jackson, K. D. and Pye, L. W., pp. 282–321. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1979. “Musik pop dan lirik kalut” [Pop music and confused lyrics]. Tempo, May 12, p. 32.Google Scholar
Anwar, Khaidir. 1980. Indonesian: The Development and Use of a National Language. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.Google Scholar
Benda, Harry. 1965. “Decolonization in Indonesia: The Problems of Continuity and Change.” American Historical Review 70(4): 1058–1073.Google Scholar
Brown, R., and Gilman, A. 1960. “The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity.” In Style in Language, ed. Sebeok, T., pp. 253–276. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press.Google Scholar
Cartier, Alice. 1981. “Teaching Foreign Languages in Diglossic Situation [sic]: The Case of Indonesian.” In National Language as Medium of Instruction, ed. Omar, A. H. and Noor, N. E. M., pp. 397–410. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementrian Pelajaran Malaysia.Google Scholar
Chaer, Abdul. 1976. Kamus dialek Melayu Jakarta-Bahasa Indonesia [Malay Jakartan dialect–Indonesian dictionary]. Jakarta: Nusa Indah.Google Scholar
Chambert-Loire, H. 1984. “Those Who Speak Prokem. Trans. James T. Collins. Indonesia 38 (April): 105–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Court, Christopher. 1981. “Creating New Words in Contemporary Thai: Between Laissez-Faire and Language Planning.” In National Language as Medium of Instruction, ed. Omar, A. H. and Noor, N. E. M., pp. 332–348. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementrian Pelajaran Malaysia.Google Scholar
Decamp, David. 1968. “Toward a Generative Analysis of a Post-Creole Speech Continuum.” In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages, ed. Hymes, D., pp. 349–370. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dreyfuss, J. 1983. “The Backwards Language of Jakarta Youth (JYBL), a Bird of Many Language Feathers.” In Studies in Malay Dialects I, ed. Collins, J., pp. 52–56. Nusa Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia, vol. 16. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA, Universitas Atma Jaya.Google Scholar
Emmerson, Donald K. 1980. “Issues in Southeast Asian History: Room for Interpretation—A Review Article.” Journal of Asian Studies 40(1):43–68.Google Scholar
Errington, J. Joseph. 1984. “Self and Self-Conduct Among the Traditional Priyayi Elite.” American Ethnologist 11:275–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Errington, J. Joseph. 1985a. Language and Social Change in Java: Linguistic Reflexes of Modernization in a Traditional Royal Polity. Athens, Ohio: International Studies Center, Southeast Asia Monograph Series.Google Scholar
Errington, J. Joseph. 1985b. “On the Nature of the Sociolinguistic Sign: Describing the Javanese Speech Levels.” In Semiotic Mediation: Sociocultural and Psychosocial Perspectives, ed. Mertz, E. and Parmentier, R., pp. 287–310. New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Fasold, R. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Feith, Herbert. 1963. “Dynamics of Guided Democracy.” In Indonesia, ed. McVey, Ruth, pp. 309–409. New Haven, Conn.: Human Relations Area Files.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Charles A. 1959. “Diglossia.” Word 15:325–340.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Charles A. 1968. “Language Development.” In Language Problems of Developing Nations, ed. Fishman, J., Ferguson, C., and Gupta, J. Das, pp. 27–35. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A. 1967. “Bilingualism with and without Diglossia: Diglossia with and without Bilingualism.” Journal of Social Issues 23(2):29–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A. 1968a. “Sociolinguistics and the Language Problems of Developing Countries.” In Language Problems of Developing Nations, ed. Fishman, J., Ferguson, C., and Gupta, J. Das, pp. 3–16. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A. 1968b. “Nationality-Nationalism and Nation-Nationism.” In Language Problems of Developing Nations, ed. Fishman, J., Ferguson, C., and Gupta, J. Das, pp. 39–52. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1960. The Religion of Java. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1973. “After the Revolution: The Fate of Nationalism in the New States.” In The Interpretation of Cultures, pp. 234–254. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Grijns, C. D. 1979. “À la recherche du ‘Melayu Betawi’ ou parler Malais de Batavia.” Anhipel 17:135–156.Google Scholar
Grijns, C. D. 1983. “Language Use in Three Neighbourhoods of Tanah Abang: The Speaker's View.” In Studies in Malay Dialects I, ed. Collins, J., 37–51. Nusa Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia, vol. 16. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA, Universitas Atma Jaya.Google Scholar
Grijns, C. D., de Vries, J. W., and Maria, L. Santa. 1983. European Loan-Words in Indonesian: A Check-List of Words of European Origin in Bahasa Indonesia and Traditional Malay. Indonesian Etymological Project V. Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor het Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar. 1966. “Language, Dialect, Nation.” American Anthropologist (68):922–935.Google Scholar
Havranek, Bohuslav. 1964. “The Functional Differentiation of the Standard Language.” In A Prague School Reader in Esthetics, Literary Structure, and Style, ed. and trans. Garvin, Paul, pp. 3–16. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, School of Languages and Linguistics.Google Scholar
Hoffman, John. 1979. “A Foreign Investment: Indies Malay to 1901.” Indonesia, 27:65–92.Google Scholar
Ikranegara, K. 1975. “Melayu Betawi Grammar.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Kähler, Hans. 1966. Wortverzeichnis des omong Djakarta [Jakartanese wordlist]. Veroffentlichungen des seminars für Indonesische und Sudseesprachen der Universität Hamburg, Band 5. Berlin: Verlag von Dietrich Reiner.Google Scholar
Kähler, Hans. 1978. “Standardization and Development of Newspapers' Bahasa Indonesia.” In Papers from the Conference on the Standardization of Asian Languages, ed. Perez, A. O., Santiago, A. Q., and Liem, Nguyen Dang, pp. 243–250. Canberra: Australian National University, Department of Linguistics.Google Scholar
Kridalaksana, Hari. 1976. “Dialek Melayu Jakarta dalam konteks bahasa Indonesia dewasa ini” [The Malay Jakartan dialect in the context of contemporary Indonesian]. Introductory note to Chaer 1976.Google Scholar
Kridalaksana, Hari. 1978. Fungsi bahasa dan sikap bahasa [Language function and language attitudes]. Jakarta: Nusa Indah.Google Scholar
Labrousse, M. Pierre. 1983. Problèmes lexicographiques de l'Indonesien. Part 1. Ph.D. dissertation, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes.Google Scholar
Leclerc, J. 1972. “An Ideological Problem of Indonesian Trade Unionism in the Sixties: Karyawan versus Buruh.” Review of Indonesian and Malayan Affairs 6(1):76–91.Google Scholar
Lev, Daniel S. 1982. “Introduction.” In Interpreting Indonesian Politics: Thirteen Contributions to the Debate, ed. Anderson, B. and Kahin, A., pp. v–viii. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, Modern Indonesian Project.Google Scholar
Lowenburg, Peter. 1983. “Lexical Modernization in Bahasa Indonesia: Functional Allocation and Variation in Borrowing.” Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 13(2):73–86.Google Scholar
Moehammad, Goenawan. 1976. “Persoalan Bahasa Indonesia untuk pers” [Problems with Indonesian for the press]. In Politik bahasa nasional [National language politics], ed. Halim, A., pp. 123–130. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.Google Scholar
Moeliono, Anton M. 1971. “Bahasa Indonesia dan pembakuannya-suatu tinjauan sosiolingguistik” [Indonesian and its standardization—a sociolinguistic perspective]. In Seminar Bahasa Indonesia 1968 [Seminar on Indonesian], ed. Kridalaksana, H. and Kentjono, Dj., pp. 37–43. Jakarta: Nusa Indah.Google Scholar
Muhadjir, . 1976. “Dialek Melayu Jakarta dewasa ini” [Jakartan Malay dialect today]. In Seni-budaya Betawi: Pralokakarya penggalian dan pengembangannya [Betawi art and culture: a workshop on research and its development], ed. Wijaya, H., pp. 156–163. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.Google Scholar
Muhadjir, . 1981. Morphology of Jakarta Dialect, Affixation, and Reduplication. Nusa Linguistic Studies in Indonesian and Languages in Indonesia 11. Jakarta: Badan penyelenggara Nusa.Google Scholar
Muntaco, Firman. 1976. “Dialek Melayu Jakarta dewasa ini” [The Malay Jakartan dialect today]. Seni-budaya Betawi: Pralokakarya penggalian dan pengembangannya [Betawi art and culture: A workshop on research and its development], ed. Wijaya, H., pp. 164–172. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.Google Scholar
Poerwadarminto, W. J. S. 1967. Bahasa Indonesia untuk karang-mengarang [Indonesian for composition]. Yogyakarta: U.P. Indonesia.Google Scholar
Pramoedya, Ananta Toer. 1960. “Machluk di belakang rumah” [Creatures behind the house]. In Tjerita dari Djakarta [Stories from Jakarta], pp. 129–135. Jakarta: Penerbit Grafica.Google Scholar
Prentice, D. J. 1978. “The Best Chosen Language II.” Hemisphere: An Asian Australian Monthly 22(4):28–33.Google Scholar
Quinn, George. 1983. “The Case of the Invisible Literature: Power, Scholarship, and Contemporary Javanese Writing.” Indonesia 35:1–36.Google Scholar
Richard, Robison. 1982. “Culture, Politics, and Economy in the Political History of the New Order.” In Interpreting Indonesian Politics: Thirteen Contributions to the Debate, ed. Anderson, B. and Kahin, A., pp. 131–148. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, Modern Indonesia Project.Google Scholar
Salim, Z. 1977. “The Growth of the Indonesian Language: The Trend Towards Indo-Saxonization.” Indonesian Quarterly 5(2):75–93.Google Scholar
Schmidgall-Tellings, A., and Stevens, Alan M. eds. 1981. Contemporary Indonesian-English Dictionary. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Smithies, M. 1982. “The Vocabulary of the Elite: An Examination of Contemporary Loan Words in Indonesian.” Indonesian Quarterly 10(2): 105–113.Google Scholar
Soepomo, Poedjosoedarmo. 1968. “Javanese Speech Levels.” Indonesia 7:165–190.Google Scholar
Soepomo, Poedjosoedarmo. 1970. Javanese Influence on Indonesian. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Spitzbardt, Harry. 1970. “Sanskrit Loanwords in the Bahasa Indonesia.” Journal of Oriental Research 36:29–47.Google Scholar
Sutherland, Heather. 1975. “The Priyayi.” Indonesia 19:57–80.Google Scholar
Sutherland, Heather. 1979. The Making of a Bureaucratic Elite—The Colonial Transformation of the Priyayi. ASAA Southeast Asia publications series, no. 2. Singapore: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Tanner, N. 1967. “Speech and Society Among the Indonesian Elite: A Case Study of a Multilingual Community.” Anthropological Linguistics 9(3): 15–39.Google Scholar
Teeuw, A. 1961. A Critic Survey of Studies on Malay and Bahasa Indonesia. With the assistance of H. W. Emanuels. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde bibliography Series no. 5. s'Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Teeuw, A. 1972. “The Impact of Balai Pustaka on Modern Indonesian Literature.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 35(1): 111–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uhlenbeck, E. M. 1978. “The Krama-Ngoko Opposition.” In Studies in Javanese Morphology, pp. 278–299. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde Translation Series, no. 19. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Vikor, Lars S. 1978. “Language Standardization and Nationalism.” Papers from the Conference on the Standardization of Asian Languages, ed. Perez, A. O., Santiago, A. Q., and Liem, Nguyen Dang, pp. 105–130. Canberra: Australian National University, Department of Linguistics.Google Scholar
Wallace, Stephen. 1976. Linguistic and Social Dimensions of Phonological Variation in Jakarta Malay. Ph.D dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Wallace, Stephen. 1977. “Social Correlates of Some Phonological Differences in Jakarta Malay.” Nusa Linguistic Studies in Indonesian and Languages in Indonesia 3:27–34.Google Scholar
Wallace, Stephen. 1979. “The Linguistic Modernization of Jakarta.” In What Is Modern Indonesian Culture?, ed. Davis, G., pp. 69–88. Athens, Ohio: Center for International Studies, Southeast Asia Program.Google Scholar
Willner, A. R. 1966. The Neotraditional Accommodation to Political Independence: The Case of Indonesia. Center for International Studies Research Monograph, no. 26. Princeton, N.J.: Woodrow Wilson School for Public and International Studies.Google Scholar
Wittermans, Elizabeth. 1967. “Indonesian Terms of Address in a Situation of Rapid Social Change.” Social Forces 46:48–51.Google Scholar
Wolff, John U. 1976. “The Functions of Indonesian in Central Java.” Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies, ed. Liem, Nguyen Dang, pp. 219–235. Canberra: Australian National University, School of Pacific Studies.Google Scholar
Wolff, John U., and Poedjosoedarmo, Soepomo. 1982. Communicative Codes in Central Java. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, Department of Asian Studies.Google Scholar