Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T23:10:12.470Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Barbed Walls of China: A Contemporary Grassland Drama

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2010

Dee Mack Williams
Get access

Extract

Ethnic mongol herders in north china have traditionally enjoyed a distinctive cultural landscape. In contrast to the way dense population and intensive agriculture strictly regimented land-use practices among Han Chinese, dispersed settlement and mobile stock-herding permitted Mongol society to operate and evolve under much different spatial and ecological horizons. Such deep-rooted orientations still resist facile alignment with alien standards now imposed by Beijing, disguised as they are in the language of economic development.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 55 , Issue 3 , August 1996 , pp. 665 - 691
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Ba Gen and the Chifeng Grassland Work Station. 1993. “Jiating Xuqun Xiao Cao Kulun Jianshe Qianyi” [Overview of householder herd and grassland construction policy]. Nei Menggu Cao Yie 2: 19Google Scholar
Barfield, Thomas J. 1989. The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sen-Dou, Chang. 1977. “The Morphology of Walled Capitals” In The City in Late Imperial China, edited by Skinner, G. William. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Xiaochuan, Chang, Weiqi, Cai, and Qi, Wu. 1990. “Effects of Fencing on Soil-Vegetation Systems and the Use of Grasslands by Herbivorous Animals.” In International Symposium on Grassland Vegetation. Beijing: Science Press.Google Scholar
Dalin, Cheng 1984. The Great Wall of China. Hong Kong: South China Morning Post.Google Scholar
Cohen, Anthony. 1985. The Symbolic Construction of Community. New York: Tavistock Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connor, Walker. 1984. The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cosgrove, Denis and Daniels, Stephen, eds. 1988. The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cronon, William. 1983. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
De Riencourt, Amaury. 1958. The Soul of China. London: Honeyglen.Google Scholar
Deal, David. 1984. “The Question of Nationalities in Twentieth Century China.” Journal of Ethnic Studies 12(3): 23–53.Google Scholar
Nan., Deng 1992. “Poor Environment a Threat.” Quoted in China Daily, 8 May.Google Scholar
Di Cosmo, Nicola. 1994. “Ancient Inner Asian Nomads: Their Economic Basis and its Significance in Chinese History.” Journal of Asian Studies 53(4):1092–1126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dove, Michael R. 1985. “The Agroecological Mythology of the Javanese, and the Political Economy of Indonesia.” Indonesia 36: 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dove, Michael R. 1994. “The Existential Status of the Pakistani Farmer: Studying Official Constructions of Social Reality.” Ethnology 33(4):331—51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, James. 1990. The City as Text: The Politics of Landscape in the Kandyan Kingdom. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Duncan, James, and Duncan, Nancy. 1988. “(Re)reading the Landscape.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 6: 117–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Charlotte. 1991. “Barbed Wire, the Cutting Edge in Fencing.” Smithsonian 22(4):72–83.Google Scholar
Fernandez-Gimenez, Maria. 1995. “Mobility, Reciprocity and Local Ecological Knowledge: The Basis for Sustainability on the Mongolian Steppe?” Paper presented at the Association for Asian Studies Conference in Washington, D.C., April 6.Google Scholar
Garling, Tommy, and Golledge, Reginald, eds. 1993. Behavior and Environment: Psychological and Geographical Approaches. New York: North Holland.Google Scholar
Gibson, James. 1979. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Golledge, Reginald. 1991. “Cognition of Physical and Built Environments.” In Environment, Cognition and Action, edited by Garling, T. and Evans, G. W.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grousset, Rene. 1967. Conqueror of the World. Translated by Sinor, Denis and Mackellar, Marian. London: Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Yong, Guo. 1993. (Vice Governor [fu qi zhang] of Wengniute County). Interviewed by author. Wulanaodu Grassland Research Station, IMAR, 3 September.Google Scholar
Harrell, Stevan. 1995. “Introduction: Civilizing Projects and the Reaction to Them.” In Cultural Encounters on China's Ethnic Frontiers, edited by Harrell, Stevan. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Honey, David. 1992. “Stripping off Felt and Fur: An Essay on Nomadic Sinification.” Papers on Inner Asia, no. 21. Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Ge, Hu Ming, ed. 1990. Chifeng Caodi [Chifeng Grasslands]. Beijing: Agricultural Press.Google Scholar
Humphrey, Caroline, et al. 1993. “Attitudes to Nature in Mongolia and Tuva: A Preliminary Report.” Nomadic Peoples 33: 51–61.Google Scholar
Jackson, John Brinckerhoff. 1984. Discovering the Vernacular Landscape. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Jagchid, Sechin. 1989. Peace, War, and Trade Along the Great Wall: Nomadic-Chinese Interaction through Two Millenia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Jagchid, Sechin, and Hyer, Paul. 1979. Mongolia's Culture and Society. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Francis C. 1949. Manchuria Since 1931. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs.Google Scholar
Khan, Almaz. 1995. “Who are the Mongols? State, Ethnicity and the Politics of Representation in the People's Republic of China.” In Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan, edited by Melissa Brown (in press).Google Scholar
Khazanov, Anatoly M. 1994. Nomads and the Outside World, 2d ed. Translated by Crookenden, Julia. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Lattimore, Owen. 1934. Mongols of Manchuria. New York: The John Day Company.Google Scholar
Lattimore, Owen. 1941. Mongol Journeys. New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company.Google Scholar
Lattimore, Owen. 1951. Inner Asian Frontiers of China, 2d ed. New York: American Geographical Society.Google Scholar
Lattimore, Owen. 1962. Writings of Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, Collected Papers 1929–58. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yutang, Li. 1992. (Executive Vice-President of China Pratacultural Association and Senior Economist for the Ministry of Agriculture). Interviewed by author. Beijing, 5 June.Google Scholar
Zhou, Li. 1990. “Economic Development in China’s Pastoral Regions: Problems and Solutions.” In The Wool Industry in China, edited by Longworth, John. Victoria, Australia: Inkata Press.Google Scholar
Yuman, Liu. 1990. “Economic Reform and the Livestock/pasture Imbalance in Pastoral Areas of China: A Case Study of the Problems and Counter Measures in Balinyou Banner.” In The Wool Industry in China, edited by Longworth, John. Victoria, Australia: Inkata Press.Google Scholar
Longworth, John, and Williamson, Gregory. 1993. China's Pastoral Region: Sheep and Wool, Minority Nationalities, Rangeland Degradation and Sustainable Development. Wallingford, UK: CAB International in association with the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.Google Scholar
Low, Setha, and Altman, Irwin. 1992. “Place Attachment: A Conceptual Inquiry.” In Place Attachment, edited by Altman, Irwin, Low, and Setha. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhewen, Luo, and Luo, Zhao. 1986. The Great Wall of China in History and Legend. Beijing: Foreign Language Press.Google Scholar
Rong, Ma. 1984. Migrant and Ethnic Integration in Rural Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Providence: Brown University Press.Google Scholar
McCallum, Henry, and McCallum, Frances. 1965. The Wire that Fenced the West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
McGovern, Thomas, et al. 1988. “Northern Islands, Human Error, and Environmental Degradation: A View of Social and Ecological Change in the Medieval North Atlantic.” Human Ecology 16(3):225–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mearns, Robin. 1991. “Pastoralists, Patch Ecology and Perestroika: Understanding Potentials for Change in Mongolia.” IDS Bulletin 22(4):25–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mearns, Robin. 1993a. “Pastoral Institutions, Land Tenure and Land Policy Reform in Post-socialist Mongolia.” PALD Research Report No. 3, International Development Studies (IDS), University of Sussex, Brighton.Google Scholar
Mearns, Robin. 1993b. “Territoriality and Land Tenure among Mongolian Pastoralists: Variation, Continuity and Change.” Nomadic Peoples 33:73–103.Google Scholar
Meserve, Ruth. 1982. “The Inhospitable Land of the Barbarian.” Journal of Asian History 16(1):51–89.Google Scholar
Meyer, Jeffrey. 1991. The Dragons of Tiananmen: Beijing as a Sacred City. Columbia: University of South Carolina.Google Scholar
Moule, Arthur. 1957. Quinsai: With Other Notes on Marco Polo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Norton, William. 1989. Explorations in the Understanding of Landscape. New York: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
(NRC) National Research Council. 1992. Grasslands and Grassland Sciences in Northern China. National Academy Press: Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
(NSRZ) Nasihan Sumu Renmin Zhengfu. 1991. “Lizu shachu shiji, xingjian jiating xiaocao kulun” (Based upon aridland realities, construct household enclosures). Policy paper of the People's Government of Nasihan Sumu, written 15 August.Google Scholar
Pasternak, Burton and Salaff, Janet. 1993. Cowboys and Cultivators: The Chinese of Inner Mongolia. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Rapoport, Amos. 1982. The Meaning of the Built Environment: A Nonverbal Communication Approach. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Rapoport, Amos. 1983. “Environmental Quality, Metropolitan Areas and Traditional Settlements.” Habitat International 7(3/4):37–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuels, Marwyn, and Samuels, Carmencita. 1989. “Beijing and the Power of Place in Modern China.” In The Power of Place: Bringing Together Geographical and Sociological Imaginations, edited by Agnew, John, and Duncan, James. Boston: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Schurmann, Herbert Franz. 1956. Economic Structure of the Yuan Dynasty (translation of chapters 93 and 94 of the Yuan Shi). Harvard-Yenching Institute Studies, vol. 16. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Silver, Timothy. 1990. A New Face on the Countryside. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Szynkiewicz, Slawoj. 1982. “Settlement and Community among the Mongolian Nomads.” In East Asian Civilizations: New Attempts at Understanding Traditions, vol. 1: Ethnic Identity and National Characteristics, edited by Eberhard, Wolfram, Gawlikowski, Krzysztof, and Seyschab, Carl-Albrecht. Germany: Simon and Magiera.Google Scholar
Szynkiewicz, Slawoj. 1993. “Mongolia’s Nomads Build a New Society Again: Social Structures and Obligations on the Eve of the Private Economy.” Nomadic Peoples 33: 163–72.Google Scholar
Tapp, Nicholas. 1995. “Minority Nationality in China: Policy and Practice.” In Indigenous Peoples of Asia, edited by Barnes, R. H. and Kingsbury, Benedict. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Association for Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Wakeman, Frederic. 1975. The Fall of Imperial China. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Waldron, Arthur. 1990. The Great Wall of China: From History to Myth. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Walter, Eugene V. 1988. Placeways: A Theory of the Human Environment. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Lixian, Wang, Xian, Wang, and Kebin, Zhang, eds. 1993. The Experiences of Combatting Desertification in P.R. China. Beijing: College of Soil and Water Conservation in the Beijing Forestry University.Google Scholar
Williams, Dee Mack. 1996. “Grassland Enclosures: Catalyst of Land Degradation in Inner Mongolia.” Human Organization (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(WRZW) Wengniute Renmin Zhengfu Wenjian. 1984. [Document from the People’s Government of Wengniute County], Issue No. 36, Article 100.Google Scholar
Xinhua, Wire Service. 1985. “Herders contract pastures.” Beijing, 11 October.Google Scholar
Youfang, Xu. 1993. Speaking at the National Desertification Conference in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, as quoted in Xinhua news agency (English report). Beijing, 24 September.Google Scholar
Zimmerer, Karl. 1993. “Soil Erosion and Social (Dis)courses in Cochabamba, Bolivia: Perceiving the Nature of Environmental Degradation.” Economic Geography 69(3): 312–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar