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Gender, Property, and the “Autonomy Thesis” in Southeast Asia: The Endowment of Local Succession in Early Modern Vietnam

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 February 2008

Nhung Tuyet Tran
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Abstract

The claim that Vietnamese inheritance patterns were bilateral and indicative of wider patterns of Southeast Asian women's autonomy or Vietnamese protonational uniqueness reflect major themes in the historiography on Vieệtnam. Past scholarship suggests that lawmakers of the Lê (1427–1783) and Mạc (1527–60) dynasties codified bilateral succession practices, attesting to the relative autonomy that Vietnamese women shared with their Southeast Asian counterparts. This essay challenges the claims of bilateralism and argues that Lê dynasty law, local custom, and legal practice preserved the principles of patrilineal succession. Though the language and adjudication of the law limited daughters' succession rights, ironically, these restrictions on their private rights enabled women to carve out spaces of authority in village economic and religious life. To avoid the transfer of their property to male relatives, some women instead transferred property to local institutions in order to lay claim over their personal property and to ensure the maintenance of their ancestral rites in perpetuity. In effect, rather than a system that elevated women's status, the property regime served as a site of contestation in which women could claim large economic and religious roles in local settings.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 67 , Issue 1 , February 2008 , pp. 43 - 72
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2008

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References

List of References

CATNBP:

Công Án Tra Nghiệm Bí Pháp

CTVKCC:

Chúc Thư Văn Khế Cửu Chỉ

HDTCT:

Hông Đức Thiện Chính Thư

QTHL:

Quốc Triều Hình Luật

Công Án Tra Nghiệm Bí Pháp

Chúc Thư Văn Khế Cửu Chỉ

Hông Đức Thiện Chính Thư

Quốc Triều Hình Luật

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Ko, Dorothy. 1994. Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Lê Thị Nhâm Tuyết. 1975. Phụ nữ Vietnam qua các thời đại [Vietnamese Women across the Ages]. Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Khoa Học Xã Hội.Google Scholar
Lê Văn Hồ. 1932. “La mere de famille annamite.” PhD diss., University of Paris.Google Scholar
Luong, Hy Van. “Vietnamese Kinship: Structural Kinship Principles and Socialist Transformation in Northern Vietnam.” Journal of Asian Studies 48 (4): 741–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maitre, Charles. 1908. “Critique sur l'ouvrage de M. Briffaut, Etude sur les biens cultuels en pays d'Annam.” Bulletin de l'Ecole Française d'Extrême Orient 8:235–49.Google Scholar
Mann, Susan. 1997. Precious Records: Women in China's Long Eighteenth Century. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDermott, Joseph P. 2004. “Women and Property in China, 960–1368: A Survey of the Scholarship.” International Journal of Asian Studies 1 (2): 201–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. 2003. “Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses.” In Feminism without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity, ed. Mohanty, Chandra Talpade, 17–42. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Nguyễn Ngọc Huy, and Tạ Văn Tài. 1987. The Lê Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam (A Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-Juridical Analysis and Annotations). 3 vols. Athens, Oh.: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Nguyễn Mạnh Tường. 1932. L'individu dans la vielle cité annamite. Montpellier: Imp. de la Press.Google Scholar
Nguyễn Sỹ Giắc. trans. 1959. Hồng Đức Thiện Chính Thư [The Book of Good Government]. Sài Gòn: Trường Đại Học Luật.Google Scholar
Nguyen, Trian. 1999. “A Study of Seventeenth Century Buddhist Sculpture in Vietnam.” PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Niida Noboru. 1965. “Chinese Legal Institutions of the Sui and T'ang Period and Their Influence on Surrounding East Asian Countries.” In Comité International des Sciences Historiques, XIIième Congrès International des Sciences Historiques: Rapports II: Histoire des Continents, 113–31. Vienna: Ferd. Berger & Söhne.Google Scholar
O'Harrow, Stephen 1993. “Vietnamese Women and Confucianism: Creating Spaces from Patriarchy.” In “Male” and “Female” in Developing Southeast Asia, ed. Jahan, Wazir Karim, 161–80. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Ong, Aihwa. 1995. “State versus Islam: Malay Families, Women's Bodies, and the Body Politic in Malaysia.” In Bewitching Women, Pious Men: Gender and Body Politics in Southeast Asia, ed. Ong, Aihwa and Peletz, Michael G., 159–95. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ong, Aihwa, and Peletz, Michael G., eds. 1995. Bewitching Women, Pious Men: Gender and Body Politics in Southeast Asia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peletz, Michael G. 1988. A Share of the Harvest: Kinship, Property, and Social History among the Malays of Rembau. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, Mark A. 1996. Korean Adoption and Inheritance: Case Studies in the Creation of a Classic Confucian Society. Ithaca, N.Y.: East Asia Program, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony. 1988. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: The Lands below the Winds. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Craig G. 1995. “A New Look at Old Southeast Asia.” Journal of Asian Studies 54 (2): 419–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharp, Lauriston. 1962. “Continuities and Discontinuities in Southeast Asia.” Journal of Asian Studies 22 (1): 3–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singaravélou, Pierre. 1999. L'École françáise d'Extrême-Orient ou l'institution des marges (1898–1956). Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Sommer, Matthew H. 2000. Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Tạ Văn Tài. 1981. “The Status of Women in Traditional Vietnam: A Comparison of the Code of the Lê Dynasty (1428–1788) with the Chinese Codes.” Journal of Asian History 15 (2): 97–145.Google Scholar
Tạ Văn Tài.. 1984. “Women and the Law in Traditional Vietnam” Vietnam Forum 3:23–54.Google Scholar
Taylor, Keith. 1983. The Birth of Vietnam. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trần Mỹ Vân. 1990. “The Position of Women in Traditional Vietnam.” In Asian Panorama: Essays in Asian History, Past and Present, ed. de Silva, K. M., Kiribamune, Sirima, and de Silva, C. R., 274–83. New Delhi: Vikas.Google Scholar
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Tran, Nhung Tuyet. 2006. “Beyond the Myth of Equality: Daughters' Inheritance Rights in the Lê Dynasty.” In Vietnam: Borderless Histories, ed. Tuyet Tran, Nhung and Reid, Anthony, 125–49. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Van Esterik, Penny, ed. 1982. Women of Southeast Asia. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University.Google Scholar
Vũ Thị Phụng. 1993. Lịch sử nhà nước và pháp luật Vietnam [A History of Government and Law in Vietnam]. Hà Nội, n.p.Google Scholar
Vũ Văn Mẫu. 1948. “Les sucessions testamentaires en droit Vietnamien.” 3 vols. Doctor of law thesis, University of Paris.Google Scholar
Vũ Văn Mẫu.. 1959. Introduction to Hồng Đức Thiện Chính Thư [The Book of Good Government], trans. Nguyễn Sỹ Giác. Sài Gòn: Trường Đại Học Luật.Google Scholar
Vũ Văn Mẫu.. 1974. Cổ luật Vietnam thông khảo và tư pháp sử [A Survey of Ancient Vietnamese Law and the History of Civil Law]. 3 vols. Sài Gòn, n.p.Google Scholar
Whitmore, John K. “Gender, State, and History: The Literati Voice in Early Modern Vietnam.” In Other Pasts: Women, Gender and History in Early Modern Southeast Asia, ed. Andaya, Barbara Watson, 215–30. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Wolters, O. W. 1999. History, Culture, and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives. Ithaca, N.Y.: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodside, Alexander. 1988. Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Young, Stephen B. 1976. “The Law of Property and Elite Prerogatives during Vietnam's Le Dynasty, 1428–1788.” Journal of Asian History 20 (1): 1–48.Google Scholar
Yu Insun. 1990. Law and Society in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Vietnam. Seoul: Asiatic Research Council.Google Scholar
Yu Insun. 1999. “Bilateral Social Pattern and the Status of Women in Traditional Vietnam.” Southeast Asia Research 7 (6): 215–31.Google Scholar
Baron, Samuel. 1732. “A Description of the Kingdom of Tonqueen, by Samuel Baron, a Native Thereof.” In A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 6:1–40. London: A&W Churchhill.Google Scholar
Deydier, François. 1668. “Journal de M. Deydier.” Archives des Missions Étrangères de Paris, 656:1–24.Google Scholar
Niida Noboru, comp. 1933. Tōryō shūi (唐令拾遺).Google Scholar
Hồng Đức Thiện Chính (洪 德 善 正), Hán Nôm Institute, Ms. A.330.Google Scholar
Chu Công Tự chỉ bi ký (朱 公 祠 址 碑 記), Hán-Nôm Institute, Ms. 2003–006.Google Scholar
Chúc Thư Văn Khế Cửu Chỉ (囑 書 文 契 指), Hán Nôm Institute, Ms. A.2917.Google Scholar
Công án Tra Nghiệm Bí Pháp (公 案 查 驗 秘 法), Hán-Nôm Institute, Ms. A.1760.Google Scholar
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Nguyễn Gia Từ Chỉ Bi Ký (阮 家 祠 址 碑 記), Hán-Nôm Institute, Ms. 20007–10.Google Scholar
Phụng Sự Hậu Phật Bi Ký (奉 事 後 佛 碑 記), Hán-Nôm Institute, Ms. 3594-97.Google Scholar
Quốc Triều Hình Luật, “The Penal Code of the [Lê] Dynasty” (國 朝 形律), Hán-Nôm Institute, Ms. A.341.Google Scholar
Tiền Sư Phối Hương (先 師 配 享), Hán-Nôm Institute, Ms. 6354–55.Google Scholar
Tự Sự Nguyễn Gia Bi Ký (祠 事阮 家 碑 記), Hán-Nôm Institute, Ms. 1201–04.Google Scholar
Andaya, Barbara Watson. 2000. “Gender and the Historiography of Southeast Asia.” In Other Pasts: Women, Gender and History in Early Modern Southeast Asia, ed. Andaya, Barbara Watson, 1–26. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Rev. ed. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, Kathryn. 1999. Women and Property in China: 960–1949. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birge, Bettine. 2002. Women, Property, and Confucian Reaction in Sung and Yuan China (960–1368). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenner, Suzanne. 1995. “Why Women Rule the Roost: Rethinking Javanese Ideologies of Power and Self-Control.” In Bewitching Women, Pious Men: Gender and Body Politics in Southeast Asia, ed. Aihwa, Ong and Peletz, Michael G., 19–51. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Coedès, Georges. 1968. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Ed. Vella, Walter F., trans. Cowing, Susan Brown. Honolulu: East-West Center, University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Day, Tony. 1996. “Ties That (Un)Bind: Families and States in Pre-Modern Southeast Asia.” Journal of Asian Studies 55 (2): 384–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Déloustal, Raymond. “La justice en ancien Annam.” Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême Orient 8–10.Google Scholar
Deuchler, Martina. 1992. The Confucian Transformation of Korea: A Study of Society and Ideology. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Errington, Shelly. 1990. “Recasting Sex, Gender and Power: A Theoretical Regional Overview.” In Power and Difference: Gender in Island Southeast Asia, ed. Atkinson, Jane Monnig and Errington, Shelly, 1–58. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Evans, Grant. 2002. “Between the Global and the Local There Are Regions, Culture Areas, and Nation States: A Review Article.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 33 (1): 147–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Robin. 1967. Kinship and Marriage: An Anthropological Perspective. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Haines, David W. 1984. “Reflections of Kinship and Society under Vietnam's Le Dynasty” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 15 (2): 307–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikeya, Chie. 2007. “The ‘Traditional’ High Status of Women in Burma: A Historical Reconsideration.” Journal of Burma Studies 10:51–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karim, Wazir Jahan. 1993. “Bilateralism and Gender in Southeast Asia.” In “Male” and “Female” in Developing Southeast Asia, ed. Jahan, Wazir Karim, 35–74. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles. 1995. The Golden Peninsula: Culture and Adaptation in Mainland Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ko, Dorothy. 1994. Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Lê Thị Nhâm Tuyết. 1975. Phụ nữ Vietnam qua các thời đại [Vietnamese Women across the Ages]. Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Khoa Học Xã Hội.Google Scholar
Lê Văn Hồ. 1932. “La mere de famille annamite.” PhD diss., University of Paris.Google Scholar
Luong, Hy Van. “Vietnamese Kinship: Structural Kinship Principles and Socialist Transformation in Northern Vietnam.” Journal of Asian Studies 48 (4): 741–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maitre, Charles. 1908. “Critique sur l'ouvrage de M. Briffaut, Etude sur les biens cultuels en pays d'Annam.” Bulletin de l'Ecole Française d'Extrême Orient 8:235–49.Google Scholar
Mann, Susan. 1997. Precious Records: Women in China's Long Eighteenth Century. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDermott, Joseph P. 2004. “Women and Property in China, 960–1368: A Survey of the Scholarship.” International Journal of Asian Studies 1 (2): 201–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. 2003. “Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses.” In Feminism without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity, ed. Mohanty, Chandra Talpade, 17–42. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Nguyễn Ngọc Huy, and Tạ Văn Tài. 1987. The Lê Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam (A Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-Juridical Analysis and Annotations). 3 vols. Athens, Oh.: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Nguyễn Mạnh Tường. 1932. L'individu dans la vielle cité annamite. Montpellier: Imp. de la Press.Google Scholar
Nguyễn Sỹ Giắc. trans. 1959. Hồng Đức Thiện Chính Thư [The Book of Good Government]. Sài Gòn: Trường Đại Học Luật.Google Scholar
Nguyen, Trian. 1999. “A Study of Seventeenth Century Buddhist Sculpture in Vietnam.” PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Niida Noboru. 1965. “Chinese Legal Institutions of the Sui and T'ang Period and Their Influence on Surrounding East Asian Countries.” In Comité International des Sciences Historiques, XIIième Congrès International des Sciences Historiques: Rapports II: Histoire des Continents, 113–31. Vienna: Ferd. Berger & Söhne.Google Scholar
O'Harrow, Stephen 1993. “Vietnamese Women and Confucianism: Creating Spaces from Patriarchy.” In “Male” and “Female” in Developing Southeast Asia, ed. Jahan, Wazir Karim, 161–80. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Ong, Aihwa. 1995. “State versus Islam: Malay Families, Women's Bodies, and the Body Politic in Malaysia.” In Bewitching Women, Pious Men: Gender and Body Politics in Southeast Asia, ed. Ong, Aihwa and Peletz, Michael G., 159–95. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ong, Aihwa, and Peletz, Michael G., eds. 1995. Bewitching Women, Pious Men: Gender and Body Politics in Southeast Asia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peletz, Michael G. 1988. A Share of the Harvest: Kinship, Property, and Social History among the Malays of Rembau. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, Mark A. 1996. Korean Adoption and Inheritance: Case Studies in the Creation of a Classic Confucian Society. Ithaca, N.Y.: East Asia Program, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony. 1988. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: The Lands below the Winds. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Craig G. 1995. “A New Look at Old Southeast Asia.” Journal of Asian Studies 54 (2): 419–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharp, Lauriston. 1962. “Continuities and Discontinuities in Southeast Asia.” Journal of Asian Studies 22 (1): 3–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singaravélou, Pierre. 1999. L'École françáise d'Extrême-Orient ou l'institution des marges (1898–1956). Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Sommer, Matthew H. 2000. Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Tạ Văn Tài. 1981. “The Status of Women in Traditional Vietnam: A Comparison of the Code of the Lê Dynasty (1428–1788) with the Chinese Codes.” Journal of Asian History 15 (2): 97–145.Google Scholar
Tạ Văn Tài.. 1984. “Women and the Law in Traditional Vietnam” Vietnam Forum 3:23–54.Google Scholar
Taylor, Keith. 1983. The Birth of Vietnam. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trần Mỹ Vân. 1990. “The Position of Women in Traditional Vietnam.” In Asian Panorama: Essays in Asian History, Past and Present, ed. de Silva, K. M., Kiribamune, Sirima, and de Silva, C. R., 274–83. New Delhi: Vikas.Google Scholar
Trần Quôc Vượng. 2001. Truyền Thống Phụ Nữ Vietnam [The Traditions of Women in Vietnam]. Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Văn Hóa Thông Tin.Google Scholar
Tran, Nhung Tuyet. 2004. “Vietnamese Women at the Crossroads: Gender and Society in Early Modern Đại Việt.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Tran, Nhung Tuyet. 2006. “Beyond the Myth of Equality: Daughters' Inheritance Rights in the Lê Dynasty.” In Vietnam: Borderless Histories, ed. Tuyet Tran, Nhung and Reid, Anthony, 125–49. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Van Esterik, Penny, ed. 1982. Women of Southeast Asia. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University.Google Scholar
Vũ Thị Phụng. 1993. Lịch sử nhà nước và pháp luật Vietnam [A History of Government and Law in Vietnam]. Hà Nội, n.p.Google Scholar
Vũ Văn Mẫu. 1948. “Les sucessions testamentaires en droit Vietnamien.” 3 vols. Doctor of law thesis, University of Paris.Google Scholar
Vũ Văn Mẫu.. 1959. Introduction to Hồng Đức Thiện Chính Thư [The Book of Good Government], trans. Nguyễn Sỹ Giác. Sài Gòn: Trường Đại Học Luật.Google Scholar
Vũ Văn Mẫu.. 1974. Cổ luật Vietnam thông khảo và tư pháp sử [A Survey of Ancient Vietnamese Law and the History of Civil Law]. 3 vols. Sài Gòn, n.p.Google Scholar
Whitmore, John K. “Gender, State, and History: The Literati Voice in Early Modern Vietnam.” In Other Pasts: Women, Gender and History in Early Modern Southeast Asia, ed. Andaya, Barbara Watson, 215–30. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Wolters, O. W. 1999. History, Culture, and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives. Ithaca, N.Y.: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodside, Alexander. 1988. Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Young, Stephen B. 1976. “The Law of Property and Elite Prerogatives during Vietnam's Le Dynasty, 1428–1788.” Journal of Asian History 20 (1): 1–48.Google Scholar
Yu Insun. 1990. Law and Society in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Vietnam. Seoul: Asiatic Research Council.Google Scholar
Yu Insun. 1999. “Bilateral Social Pattern and the Status of Women in Traditional Vietnam.” Southeast Asia Research 7 (6): 215–31.Google Scholar