¹ Keller, Robert R., “Supply-Side Economic Policies during the Coolidge-Mellon Era”, Journal of Economic Issues, 16 (09. 1982), pp. 773–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also Keleher, Robert E. and Orzechowski, William P., “Supply-Side Fiscal Policy: A Historical Analysis of a Rejuvenated Idea” in Fink, Richard H., ed., Supply-Side Economics: A Critical Appraisal (Frederick, Md., 1982), pp. 121–59.Google Scholar

² Wallis, John Joseph, “The Birth of the Old Federalism: Financing the New Deal, 1932–1940”, this JOURNAL, 44 (03. 1984), pp. 139–59.Google Scholar For earlier works which emphasize the same trend, see Fabricant, Solomon, The Trend of Government Activity in the U.S. Since 1900 (New York, 1952)Google ScholarMusgrave, Richard and Culbertson, J. J., “The Growth of Public Expenditures in the U.S. 1890–1948”, National Tax Journal, 6 (06 1953), pp. 97–115;Google Scholar and Ransom, Roger L., “In Search of Security: The Growth of Government Spending in the U.S. 1902–1970”, in Ransom, Roger L., Sutch, Richard, and Walton, Gary M., eds., Explorations in the New Economic History: Essays in Honor of Douglass C. North (New York, 1982), pp. 125–48.Google Scholar

³ See, for example, Allen, Lewis, Only Yesterday (New York, 1931);Google ScholarFaulkner, Harold, From Versailles to the New Deal (New Haven Conn., 1955);Google Scholar and Hughes, Jonathan R. T., The Government Habit, Economic Controls from Colonial Times to the Present (New York, 1977).Google Scholar

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⁵ The sharper decline of expenditures than of receipts in the 1920s reflected the substantial and quite successful efforts of the federal government at reducing the large war-induced national debt.Google Scholar

⁶ Calculated from the figures underlying the percentage distributions of Table 3 and quoted in the sources of that table.Google Scholar

⁷ Musgrave, Richard and Culbertson, J. J., “The Growth of Public Expenditures in the U.S. 1890–1948”, National Tax Journal, 6 (06 1953), pp. 97–115.Google Scholar

⁸ United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington D.C., 1976), Series F 125–29, p. 232.Google Scholar

⁹ Musgrave, Richard and Culbertson, J. J., “The Growth of Public Expenditures in the U.S. 1890–1948”, National Tax Journal, 6 (06 1953), Series F 71–97, p. 23.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Musgrave, Richard and Culbertson, J. J., “The Growth of Public Expenditures in the U.S. 1890–1948”, National Tax Journal, 6 (06 1953), Series N 1–29, pp. 618–19.Google Scholar

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¹² Historical Statistics of the United States, Series H 492–507, p. 374.Google Scholar

¹³ See “Historical Statistics on Governmental Finances and Employment,” tables B 2, 3.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Berkowitz, Edward and McQuaid, Kim, Creating the Welfare State, p. 59.Google Scholar

¹⁵ The President's [Hoover's, ] Research Committee on Social Trends, Recent Social Trends in the United States (New York, 1933), p. 1228.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Kendrick, M. Slade, A Century and a Half of Federal Expenditures (New York, 1955).Google Scholar

¹⁷ See Goldin, Claudia, “War,”, in Porter, Glenn, ed., The Encyclopedia of American Economic History (New York, 1980), vol. 3, pp. 935–57.Google Scholar