¹ “The management of institutions in the expanded public sector gives rise to much concern— many companies are running at a loss and control mechanisms are recognized to be ineffective— both in respect of state farms and in respect of industrial projects.” “Congo/Economy” in Africa South of the Sahara, 1980–81, 10th ed. (London, 1980), p. 327.Google Scholar

² Centre Congolais du Commerce Exterieur, Le Congo: Un Partenaire Commercial (Brazzaville, 1979), p. 15.Google Scholar

³ When no specific source is given for the data they come from the statistical volumes of the government in Brazzaville. I have not given page references since often the data are combined from more than one volume and more than one table, and occasionally pages are not numbered and data are not always compatible from one volume to the next.Google ScholarAnnuaire Statistique (1958–1963); Annuaire Staristique, 1969; Annuaire Statistique, 1974; Annuaire Statistique, 1980 (henceforth Statistique). The present name of the issuing agency is the Centre National de Ia Statistique et des etudes Economiques, Brazzaville.Google Scholar

⁴ Grigg, D. B., Population Growth and Agrarian Change (New York, 1980), p. 255.Google Scholar

⁵ Morris, Morris David, Measuring the Condition of the World's Poor: The Physical Quality of Life Index (Elmsford, New York, 1979), esp. p. 30ff.Google Scholar

⁶ World Bank, World Tables, The Second Edition (1980) (Baltimore, 1980), pp. 64, 65, 288, 372–73, 378–79, 384–85, 390–91, 396–97, 402–03.Google Scholar

⁷ U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Country Data: Congo (Washington, D.C., 04 15, 1980), p. 2.Google Scholar

⁸ Swtisque, 1980, p. 192.Google Scholar

⁹ I do not know if the dissertation has yet been written describing the northwestern influence on the shift in the less developed countries toward bread as the staple rather than the locally available manioc, yams, or rice. It would be interesting. See in this regard, “Let Them Eat Bread,” The Economist, (19 July 1980), p. 74.Google Scholar

¹⁰ But see “Congo/Economy,” p. 323. “Sugar cane production has continued to fall from 1970 when it was put under control of the nationalized Société Industrielle et Agricole du Congo … By 1978 refined sugar output had dropped and recourse had to be made to imports to cover domestic demand. SIA-Congo operated numerous agro-industrial ventures such as the nationalized flour and groundnut mills, in addition to its sugar operations, but in 1978 the corporation was disbanded…Google Scholar

¹¹ Indeed, 1977 was an eventful year: the president was assassinated, the potash mine was flooded, all trading by foreigners was suspended, there was a massive repatriation of the workers from the neighboring states, and Agip and Elf-Congo began commercial exploitation of the offshore area by Likouala. Early in 1978 several of the managers of state-owned enterprises were arrested; for a time all civil service salaries were in arrears. By April 1979 a new government under the present leadership came into power and the country has been stable since then.Google Scholar

¹² World Industry Since 1960: Progress and Prospects, Special Issue of the Industrial Development Survey for the Third General Conference of UNIDO, United Nations (New York, 1979), p.135.Google Scholar