Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-dfsvx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T07:45:23.254Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Effect of Monitoring on CEO Compensation in a Matching Equilibrium

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2018

Abstract

We consider a model of chief executive officer (CEO) selection, dismissal, and retention. Firms with larger blockholder ownership monitor more; they get more information about CEO ability, which facilitates the dismissal of low-ability CEOs. These firms are matched with CEOs whose ability is more uncertain. For retention purposes, the compensation of these CEOs is more sensitive to firm value and relatively less sensitive to business conditions. Moreover, these CEOs receive lower salaries when CEO skills are sufficiently transferable. A diffusion of best monitoring practices increases competition for CEOs and raises CEO pay in all firms, including those with unchanged monitoring ability.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

We thank Paul Malatesta (the editor) and an anonymous referee for valuable comments that substantially improved the paper. We also thank Marco Becht, Vicente Cunat, Ingolf Dittmann, Alex Edmans, Robert Gibbons, Dirk Jenter (Western Finance Association discussant), Sergei Kovbasyuk (Association Francaise de Finance discussant), Patrick Legros, Paul Oyer, Nicola Persico, Luke Taylor, Lucy White, Craig Wilson, and Jeffrey Zwiebel for interesting comments and discussions, as well as participants in seminars at Ecares–Université Libre de Bruxelles, Erasmus University Rotterdam, ESSEC, HEC Montréal, University of North Carolina, Queen’s University, the 2011 Association Française de Finance conference, the 2012 European Summer Symposium in Economic Theory conference, the 2012 Petralia economics workshop, the 2013 European Economic Association conference, and the 2014 Western Finance Association conference.

References

Acharya, V. V.; Gabarro, M.; and Volpin, P. F.. “Competition for Managers, Corporate Governance and Incentive Compensation.” Working Paper, New York University (2014).Google Scholar
Acharya, V. V., and Volpin, P. F.. “Corporate Governance Externalities.” Review of Finance, 14 (2010), 133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ackerberg, D. A., and Botticini, M.. “Endogenous Matching and the Empirical Determinants of Contract Form.” Journal of Political Economy, 110 (2002), 564591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aghion, P.; Van Reenen, J.; and Zingales, L.. “Innovation and Institutional Ownership.” American Economic Review, 103 (2013), 277304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agrawal, A.; Knoeber, C. R.; and Tsoulouhas, T.. “Are Outsiders Handicapped in CEO Successions?Journal of Corporate Finance, 12 (2006), 619644.Google Scholar
Aguilera, R. V., and Cuervo-Cazurra, A.. “Codes of Good Governance.” Corporate Governance: An International Review, 17 (2009), 376387.Google Scholar
Ang, J. S., and Nagel, G. L.. “Outside and Inside Hired CEOs: A Performance Surprise.” Working Paper, Florida State University (2009).Google Scholar
Bandiera, O.; Prat, A.; Guiso, L.; and Sadun, R.. “Matching Firms, Managers and Incentives.” Journal of Labor Economics, 33 (2015), 623681.Google Scholar
Baranchuk, N.; MacDonald, G.; and Yang, J.. “The Economics of Super Managers.” Review of Financial Studies, 24 (2011), 33213368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bebchuk, L. A., and Fried, J. M.. “Executive Compensation as an Agency Problem.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17 (2003), 7192.Google Scholar
Bell, B. D., and Van Reenen, J.. “Extreme Wage Inequality: Pay at the Very Top.” American Economic Review, 103 (2013), 153157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertrand, M., and Mullainathan, S.. “Are CEOs Rewarded for Luck? The Ones without Principals Are.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116 (2001), 901929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boot, A. W. A., and Macey, J. R.. “Monitoring Corporate Performance: The Role of Objectivity, Proximity, and Adaptability in Corporate Governance.” Cornell Law Review, 89 (2003), 356393.Google Scholar
Borokhovich, K. A.; Parrino, R.; and Trapani, T.. “Outside Directors and CEO Selection.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 31 (1996), 337355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burkart, M.; Gromb, D.; and Panunzi, F.. “Large Shareholders, Monitoring, and the Value of the Firm.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112 (1997), 693728.Google Scholar
Cao, M., and Wang, R.. “Optimal CEO Compensation with Search: Theory and Empirical Evidence.” Journal of Finance, 68 (2013), 20012058.Google Scholar
Chaigneau, P.; Edmans, A.; and Gottlieb, D.. “The Generalized Informativeness Principle.” Working Paper No. 20729, National Bureau of Economic Research (2015a).Google Scholar
Chaigneau, P.; Edmans, A.; and Gottlieb, D.. “The Informativeness Principle under Limited Liability.” Working Paper No. 20456, National Bureau of Economic Research (2015b).Google Scholar
Chaigneau, P.; Edmans, A.; and Gottlieb, D.. “Does Improved Information Improve Incentives?”Journal of Financial Economics, forthcoming (2018).Google Scholar
Core, J. E.; Holthausen, R. W.; and Larcker, D. F.. “Corporate Governance, Chief Executive Compensation, and Firm Performance.” Journal of Financial Economics, 51 (1999), 371406.Google Scholar
Cornelli, F.; Kominek, Z.; and Ljungqvist, A.. “Monitoring Managers: Does It Matter?Journal of Finance, 68 (2013), 431481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunat, V.; Gine, M.; and Guadalupe, M.. “Say Pays! Shareholder Voice and Firm Performance.” Review of Finance, 20 (2016), 17991834.Google Scholar
Custodio, C.; Ferreira, M. A.; and Matos, P.. “Generalists versus Specialists: Lifetime Work Experience and Chief Executive Officer Pay.” Journal of Financial Economics, 108 (2013), 471492.Google Scholar
Davidson, W. M., III; Nemec, C.; Worrell, D. L.; and Lin, J.. “Industrial Origin of CEOs in Outside Succession: Board Preference and Stockholder Reaction.” Journal of Management and Governance, 6 (2002), 295321.Google Scholar
Denis, D. J.; Denis, D. K.; and Sarin, A.. “Ownership Structure and Top Executive Turnover.” Journal of Financial Economics, 45 (1997), 193221.Google Scholar
Dicks, D. L.Executive Compensation and the Role for Corporate Governance Regulation.” Review of Financial Studies, 25 (2012), 19712004.Google Scholar
Dittmann, I.; Maug, E.; and Spalt, O.. “Indexing Executive Compensation Contracts.” Review of Financial Studies, 26 (2013), 31823224.Google Scholar
Dittmann, I.; Maug, E.; and Zhang, D.. “Restricting CEO Pay.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 17 (2011), 12001220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edmans, A.Blockholders, Market Efficiency, and Managerial Myopia.” Journal of Finance, 64 (2009), 24812513.Google Scholar
Edmans, A., and Gabaix, X.. “Is CEO Pay Really Inefficient? A Survey of New Optimal Contracting Theories.” European Financial Management, 15 (2009), 486496.Google Scholar
Edmans, A., and Gabaix, X.. “Executive Compensation: A Modern Primer.” Journal of Economic Literature, 54 (2016), 12321287.Google Scholar
Eisfeldt, A., and Kuhnen, C.. “CEO Turnover in a Competitive Assignment Framework.” Journal of Financial Economics, 109 (2013), 351372.Google Scholar
Falato, A.; Li, D.; and Milbourn, T.. “Which Skills Matter in the Market for CEOs? Evidence from Pay for CEO Credentials.” Management Science, 61 (2015), 28452869.Google Scholar
Feriozzi, F.Paying for Observable Luck.” RAND Journal of Economics, 42 (2011), 387415.Google Scholar
Frydman, C.“Rising through the Ranks: The Evolution of the Market for Corporate Executives, 1936–2003.” Working Paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2007).Google Scholar
Frydman, C., and Jenter, D.. “CEO Compensation.” Annual Review of Financial Economics, 2 (2010), 75102.Google Scholar
Gabaix, X., and Landier, A.. “Why Has CEO Pay Increased so Much?Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123 (2008), 49100.Google Scholar
Garvey, G., and Milbourn, T.. “Asymmetric Benchmarking in Compensation: Executives Are Rewarded for Good Luck but Not Penalized for Bad.” Journal of Financial Economics, 82 (2006), 197225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giannetti, M.Serial CEO Incentives and the Structure of Managerial Contracts.” Journal of Financial Intermediation, 20 (2011), 633662.Google Scholar
Gopalan, R.; Milbourn, T.; and Song, F.. “Strategic Flexibility and the Optimality of Pay for Sector Performance.” Review of Financial Studies, 23 (2010), 20602098.Google Scholar
Harris, M., and Holmstrom, B.. “A Theory of Wage Dynamics.” Review of Economic Studies, 49 (1982), 315333.Google Scholar
Hartzell, J. C., and Starks, L. T.. “Institutional Investors and Executive Compensation.” Journal of Finance, 58 (2003), 23512374.Google Scholar
Hermalin, B. E.Trends in Corporate Governance.” Journal of Finance, 60 (2005), 23512384.Google Scholar
Holmstrom, B.Moral Hazard and Observability.” Bell Journal of Economics, 10 (1979), 7491.Google Scholar
Holmstrom, B.Equilibrium Long-Term Labor Contracts.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 98 (1983), 2354.Google Scholar
Holmstrom, B., and Milgrom, P.. “Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives.” Econometrica, 55 (1987), 303328.Google Scholar
Holmstrom, B., and Ricart i Costa, J.. “Managerial Incentives and Capital Management.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 101 (1986), 835860.Google Scholar
Holmstrom, B., and Tirole, J.. “Market Liquidity and Performance Monitoring.” Journal of Political Economy, 101 (1993), 678709.Google Scholar
Huson, M. R.; Parrino, R.; and Starks, L. T.. “Internal Monitoring Mechanisms and CEO Turnover: A Long-Term Perspective.” Journal of Finance, 56 (2001), 22652297.Google Scholar
Inderst, R., and Mueller, H. M.. “CEO Replacement under Private Information.” Review of Financial Studies, 23 (2010), 29352969.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. A., and Tian, Y. S.. “Indexed Executive Stock Options.” Journal of Financial Economics, 57 (2000), 3564.Google Scholar
Kuhnen, C. M., and Zwiebel, J.. “Executive Pay, Hidden Compensation and Managerial Entrenchment.” Working Paper, Northwestern University (2008).Google Scholar
Legros, P., and Newman, A.. “Beauty Is a Beast and Frog Is a Prince: Assortative Matching with Nontransferabilities.” Econometrica, 75 (2007), 10731102.Google Scholar
Murphy, K. J., and Zabojnik, J.. “CEO Pay and Appointments: A Market-Based Explanation for Recent Trends.” American Economic Review, 94 (2004), 192196.Google Scholar
Oyer, P.Why Do Firms Use Incentives that Have No Incentive Effects?Journal of Finance, 59 (2004), 16191649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, Y.; Wang, T. Y.; and Weisbach, M. S.. “Learning about CEO Ability and Stock Return Volatility.” Review of Financial Studies, 28 (2015), 16231666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, F. S., and Wagner, A. F.. “The Executive Turnover Risk Premium.” Journal of Finance, 69 (2014), 15291563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prendergast, C.The Tenuous Trade-Off between Risk and Incentives.” Journal of Political Economy, 110 (2002), 10711102.Google Scholar
Ray, D.The Time Structure of Self-Enforcing Agreements.” Econometrica, 70 (2002), 547582.Google Scholar
Schwab, S. J., and Thomas, R. S.. “An Empirical Analysis of CEO Employment Contracts: What Do Top Executives Bargain For?Washington and Lee Law Review, 63 (2006), 231270.Google Scholar
Shen, W., and Cannella, A. A.. “Revisiting the Performance Consequences of CEO Succession: The Impacts of Successor Type, Postsuccession Senior Executive Turnover, and Departing CEO Tenure.” Academy of Management Journal, 45 (2002), 717733.Google Scholar
Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R.. “Large Shareholders and Corporate Control.” Journal of Political Economy, 94 (1986), 461488.Google Scholar
Taylor, L.Why Are CEOs Rarely Fired? Evidence from Structural Estimation.” Journal of Finance, 65 (2010), 20512087.Google Scholar
Taylor, L.CEO Wage Dynamics: Estimates from a Learning Model.” Journal of Financial Economics, 108 (2013), 7998.Google Scholar
Tervio, M.The Difference that CEOs Make: An Assignment Model Approach.” American Economic Review, 98 (2008), 642668.Google Scholar
Thomas, J., and Worrall, T.. “Self-Enforcing Wage Contracts.” Review of Economic Studies, 55 (1988), 541553.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y.Information Asymmetry and the Dismissal of Newly Appointed CEOs: An Empirical Investigation.” Strategic Management Journal, 29 (2008), 859872.Google Scholar