Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T00:14:12.824Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Employment, Corporate Investment, and Cash-Flow Risk

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2019

Abstract

We highlight the role of cash-flow uncertainty on corporate employment and investment. We find that a 1% increase in cash-flow uncertainty leads to a 0.62% decrease in tangible investment, a 1.39% decrease in intangible investment, and a 3.67% decrease in corporate employment growth. Our results are statistically and economically significant. We further find that these relationships are stronger during economic recessions. Our findings have significant policy implications. To wit, if policy makers would like corporations to increase their employment and investment, they should focus on policies that decrease corporate cash-flow uncertainty.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

We thank Anil Abbaraju for excellent research assistance with this project. We also thank the seminar participants at the University of Colorado at Boulder and the participants at the 2013 American Economic Association Conference in San Diego, the 2012 Finance Down and Under Conference in Melbourne, and the 2012 American Enterprise Institute micro-conference on investment and uncertainty for helpful comments. We are especially grateful to Nick Bloom, Steve Davis, Catherine de Fontenay, Denis Gromb, Jarrad Harford (the editor), Adriana Kugler, Kenneth Lehn, Stan Veuger, Peter Wallison, Toni Whited, and an anonymous referee for their comments and suggestions that have greatly improved the article. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), as a matter of policy, disclaims responsibility for any private publication or statement by any of its employees. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the SEC or of the authors’ colleagues on the staff of the SEC.

References

Arellano, M., and Bond, S.. “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations.” Review of Economic Studies, 58 (1991), 277297.Google Scholar
Arellano, M., and Bover, O.. “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models.” Journal of Econometrics, 68 (1995), 2951.Google Scholar
Athanassakos, G., and Kalimipalli, M.. “Analyst Forecast Dispersion and Future Stock Return Volatility.” Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 42 (2003), 5778.Google Scholar
Baker, S. R.; Bloom, N.; and Davis, S. J.. “Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty.” Working Paper, Stanford University (2015).Google Scholar
Baum, C. F.; Schaffer, M. E.; and Stillman, S.. “Instrumental Variables and GMM: Estimation and Testing.” Stata Journal, 3 (2003), 131.Google Scholar
Behr, A.“A Comparison of Dynamic Panel Data Estimators: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to the Investment Function.” Working Paper, Economic Research Centre of the Deutsche Bundesbank (2003).Google Scholar
Bhagat, S., and Welch, I.. “Corporate Research & Development Investments International Comparisons.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 19 (1995), 443470.Google Scholar
Bloom, N.Fluctuations in Uncertainty.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28 (2014), 153175.Google Scholar
Bloom, N.; Bond, S.; and Van Reenen, J.. “Uncertainty and Investment Dynamics.” Review of Economic Studies, 74 (2007), 391415.Google Scholar
Blundell, R., and Bond, S.. “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models.” Journal of Econometrics, 87 (1998), 115143.Google Scholar
Blundell, R.; Bond, S.; Devereux, M.; and Schiantarelli, F.. “Investment and Tobin’s Q: Evidence from Company Panel Data.” Journal of Econometrics, 51 (1992), 233257.Google Scholar
Boileau, M., and Normandin, M.. “Aggregate Employment, Real Business Cycles, and Superior Information.” Journal of Monetary Economics, 49 (2002), 495520.Google Scholar
Bulan, L. T.Real Options, Irreversible Investment and Firm Uncertainty: New Evidence from US Firms.” Review of Financial Economics, 14 (2005), 255279.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. Y., and Shiller, R. J.. “The Dividend-Price Ratio and Expectations of Future Dividends and Discount Factors.” Review of Financial Studies, 1 (1988), 195228.Google Scholar
Corrado, C.; Hulten, C.; and Sichel, D.. “Intangible Capital and US Economic Growth.” Review of Income and Wealth, 55 (2009), 661685.Google Scholar
Corrado, C. A., and Hulten, C. R.. “Innovation Accounting.” In Measuring Economic Sustainability and Progress, Jorgenson, D. W., Landefeld, J. S., and Schreyer, P., eds. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press (2014).Google Scholar
Damodaran, A.“Valuing Companies with Intangible Assets.” Working Paper, New York University (2009).Google Scholar
Duchin, R.; Ozbas, O.; and Sensoy, B. A.. “Costly External Finance, Corporate Investment, and the Subprime Mortgage Credit Crisis.” Journal of Financial Economics, 97 (2010), 418435.Google Scholar
Dvorkin, M., and Shell, H.. “Bank Lending during Recessions.” Economic Synopses, 2 (2016), 12.Google Scholar
Eisfeldt, A. L., and Papanikolaou, D.. “Organization Capital and the Cross-Section of Expected Returns.” Journal of Finance, 68 (2013), 13651406.Google Scholar
Erickson, T., and Whited, T. M.. “Measurement Error and the Relationship between Investment and q .” Journal of Political Economy, 108 (2000), 10271057.Google Scholar
Falato, A.; Kadyrzhanova, D.; and Sim, J.. “Rising Intangible Capital, Shrinking Debt Capacity, and the US Corporate Savings Glut.” Working Paper, University of Maryland (2013).Google Scholar
Fazzari, S. M.; Hubbard, R. G.; Petersen, B. C.; Blinder, A. S.; and Poterba, J. M.. “Financing Constraints and Corporate Investment.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1988 (1988), 141206.Google Scholar
Fee, C. E.; Hadlock, C. J.; and Pierce, J. R.. “Investment, Financing Constraints, and Internal Capital Markets: Evidence from the Advertising Expenditures of Multinational Firms.” Review of Financial Studies, 22 (2009), 23612392.Google Scholar
Gourio, F., and Klier, T. H.. “Recent Trends in Capital Accumulation and Implications for Investment.” Chicago Fed Letter, 344 (2015).Google Scholar
Graham, J. R.; Harvey, C. R.; and Puri, M.. “A Corporate Beauty Contest.” Working Paper, Duke University (2010).Google Scholar
Guiso, L., and Parigi, G.. “Investment and Demand Uncertainty.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114 (1999), 185227.Google Scholar
Hall, R. E.The Stock Market and Capital Accumulation.” American Economic Review, 91 (2001), 11851202.Google Scholar
Hayashi, F.Tobin’s Marginal q and Average q: A Neoclassical Interpretation.” Econometrica, (1982), 213224.Google Scholar
Hennessy, C. A.Tobin’s Q, Debt Overhang, and Investment.” Journal of Finance, 59 (2004), 17171742.Google Scholar
Hubbard, R. G.Capital-Market Imperfections and Investment.” Journal of Economic Literature, 36 (1998), 193225.Google Scholar
Kahle, K. M., and Stulz, R. M.. “Financial Policies and the Financial Crisis: How Important Was the Systemic Credit Contraction for Industrial Corporations?” Working Paper, National Bureau of Economic Research (2010).Google Scholar
Kaplan, S. N., and Zingales, L.. “Do Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivities Provide Useful Measures of Financing Constraints?Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112 (1997), 169215.Google Scholar
Kelly, B.; Lustig, H.; and Van Nieuwerburgh, S.. “Firm Volatility in Granular Networks.” Working Paper, National Bureau of Economic Research (2013).Google Scholar
Lamont, O.Cash Flow and Investment: Evidence from Internal Capital Markets.” Journal of Finance, 52 (1997), 83109.Google Scholar
Lang, L.; Ofek, E.; and Stulz, R.. “Leverage, Investment, and Firm Growth.” Journal of Financial Economics, 40 (1996), 329.Google Scholar
Leahy, J., and Whited, T.. “The Effect of Uncertainty on Investment: Some Stylized Facts.” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 28 (1996), 6483.Google Scholar
Malmendier, U., and Tate, G.. “CEO Overconfidence and Corporate Investment.” Journal of Finance, 60 (2005), 26612700.Google Scholar
McGrattan, E. R., and Prescott, E. C.. “Productivity and the Post-1990 US Economy.” Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Review, 87 (2005a), 537549.Google Scholar
McGrattan, E. R., and Prescott, E. C.. “Taxes, Regulations, and the Value of US and UK Corporations.” Review of Economic Studies, 72 (2005b), 767796.Google Scholar
Ogneva, M.Accrual Quality, Realized Returns, and Expected Returns: The Importance of Controlling for Cash Flow Shocks.” Accounting Review, 87 (2012), 14151444.Google Scholar
Panousi, V., and Papanikolaou, D.. “Investment, Idiosyncratic Risk, and Ownership.” Journal of Finance, 67 (2012), 11131148.Google Scholar
Peters, R. H., and Taylor, L. A.. “Intangible Capital and the Investment-q Relation.” Journal of Financial Economics, 123 (2017), 251272.Google Scholar
Reinhart, C. M., and Rogoff, K. S.. “The Aftermath of Financial Crises.” Working Paper, National Bureau of Economic Research (2009).Google Scholar
Roodman, D.A Note on the Theme of Too Many Instruments.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 71 (2009), 135158.Google Scholar
Shaanan, J.Investment, Irreversibility, and Options: An Empirical Framework.” Review of Financial Economics, 14 (2005), 241254.Google Scholar
Shin, H.-H., and Stulz, R. M.. “Are Internal Capital Markets Efficient?Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113 (1998), 531552.Google Scholar
Stock, J. H., and Yogo, M.. “Asymptotic Distributions of Instrumental Variables Statistics with Many Instruments.” In Identification and Inference for Econometric Models: Essays in Honor of Thomas Rothenberg, Andrews, D. W. K. and Stock, J. H., eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press (2005).Google Scholar
Stokey, N. L.Wait-and-See: Investment Options under Policy Uncertainty.” Review of Economic Dynamics, 21 (2016), 246265.Google Scholar
Verick, S.“Who Is Hit Hardest during a Financial Crisis? The Vulnerability of Young Men and Women to Unemployment in an Economic Downturn.” Working Paper, International Labour Organization (2009).Google Scholar
Vitek, F.“Output and Unemployment Dynamics during the Great Recession: A Panel Unobserved Components Analysis.” Working Paper, International Monetary Fund (2010).Google Scholar
Vuolteenaho, T.What Drives Firm-Level Stock Returns?Journal of Finance, 57 (2002), 233264.Google Scholar
Whited, T. M.Debt, Liquidity Constraints, and Corporate Investment: Evidence from Panel Data.” Journal of Finance, 47 (1992), 14251460.Google Scholar
Wright, I.“Firm Investment and the Term Structure of Uncertainty.” Working Paper, Hoover Institution (2015).Google Scholar
Zhang, X.“Who Bears Firm-Level Risk? Implications for Cash Flow Volatility.” Working Paper, University of Texas at Austin (2014).Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Alnahedh et al. supplementary material

Alnahedh et al. supplementary material

Download Alnahedh et al. supplementary material(File)
File 273.9 KB