Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-rkzlw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-09-08T06:00:08.832Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Flow and aerodynamic noise control of a circular cylinder by local blowing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2024

Reza Maryami Open the ORCID record for Reza Maryami [Opens in a new window] ,
Elias J.G. Arcondoulis Open the ORCID record for Elias J.G. Arcondoulis [Opens in a new window]  and
Yu Liu Open the ORCID record for Yu Liu [Opens in a new window]
Reza Maryami
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
Elias J.G. Arcondoulis
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China School of Civil Aerospace and Design Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
Yu Liu*
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Turbulence Research and Applications, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
*
†Email address for correspondence: liuy@sustech.edu.cn
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this experimental study, the impact of symmetric local blowing on suppressing the vortex-induced noise of a circular cylinder was investigated. A highly instrumented cylinder with pressure taps and a series of blowing chambers was used to inject air along the span (seven times the cylinder diameter) at circumferential angles $\theta _{b}={\pm }41^{\circ }$, ${\pm }90^{\circ }$ and ${\pm }131^{\circ }$ corresponding to the boundary layer, shear layers on the cylinder and separated shear layers, respectively. The investigation aimed to understand the noise reduction mechanism of local blowing by conducting near-field pressure and far-field noise measurements in synchronisation with flow field velocity measurements. Near-field pressure was measured around the circumference of the cylinder using a remote-sensing technique and planar particle image velocimetry was implemented to measure the velocity of the wake flow field at a diameter-based Reynolds number of $Re=7\times 10^{4}$. The results revealed that the interaction of the rolling up separated shear layers, under the influence of high-momentum fluid travelling from the free stream to the wake, induced significant vertical flow movement in the vortex-formation region. This movement led to strong alternating surface pressure fluctuations at the cylinder's shoulders, contributing to the scattering of noise. It was demonstrated that local blowing delayed vortex shedding for all cases, except at $\theta _{b}={\pm }90^{\circ }$, which elongated the shear layers and pushed the high-momentum transfer area farther downstream. The application of local blowing at $\theta _{b}={\pm }41^{\circ }$ was particularly effective in increasing the vortex formation size due to reduced entrainment of fluid-bearing vorticity.

JFM classification

Acoustics: Aeroacoustics Vortex Flows: Vortex shedding

Information

Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 980 , 10 February 2024 , A56
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Achenbach, E. 1968 Distribution of local pressure and skin friction around a circular cylinder in cross-flow up to $Re=5\times 10^{6}$. J. Fluid Mech. 34 (4), 625–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angland, D., Zhang, X. & Goodyer, M. 2012 Use of blowing flow control to reduce bluff body interaction noise. AIAA J. 50 (8), 1670–1684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bearman, P.W. 1967 The effect of base bleed on the flow behind a two-dimensional model with a blunt trailing edge. Aeronaut. Q. 18 (3), 207–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benard, N., Balcon, N., Touchard, G. & Moreau, E. 2008 Control of diffuser jet flow: turbulent kinetic energy and jet spreading enhancements assisted by a non-thermal plasma discharge. Exp. Fluids 45 (2), 333–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bevilaqua, P.M. 1973 Intermittency, The Entrainment Problem. Purdue University.Google Scholar
Bouak, F. & Lemay, J. 1998 Passive control of the aerodynamic forces acting on a circular cylinder. Expl Therm. Fluid Sci. 16 (1–2), 112–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casalino, D. & Jacob, M. 2003 Prediction of aerodynamic sound from circular rods via spanwise statistical modelling. J. Sound Vib. 262 (4), 815–844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chauhan, M.K., Dutta, S., More, B.S. & Gandhi, B.K. 2018 Experimental investigation of flow over a square cylinder with an attached splitter plate at intermediate Reynolds number. J. Fluids Struct. 76, 319–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, H., Reuss, D.L., Hung, D.L.S. & Sick, V. 2013 A practical guide for using proper orthogonal decomposition in engine research. Intl J. Engine Res. 14 (4), 307–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, W.-L., Huang, Y., Chen, C., Yu, H. & Gao, D. 2022 Review of active control of circular cylinder flow. Ocean Engng 258, 111840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, W.-L., Li, H. & Hu, H. 2014 An experimental study on a suction flow control method to reduce the unsteadiness of the wind loads acting on a circular cylinder. Exp. Fluids 55 (4), 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, H., Jeon, W.-P. & Kim, J. 2008 Control of flow over a bluff body. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 40, 113–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomaz, J.M., Huerre, P. & Redekopp, L.G. 1988 Bifurcations to local and global modes in spatially developing flows. Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 (1), 25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curle, N. 1955 The influence of solid boundaries upon aerodynamic sound. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 231 (1187), 505–514.Google Scholar
Delaunay, Y. & Kaiktsis, L. 2001 Control of circular cylinder wakes using base mass transpiration. Phys. Fluids 13 (11), 3285–3302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deng, Z., Gao, D., Chen, G. & Chen, W.-L. 2021 Active wake control of flow past a circular cylinder with slot jet. J. Aerosp. Engng 34 (4), 04021033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dipankar, A., Sengupta, T.K. & Talla, S.B. 2007 Suppression of vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder by another control cylinder at low Reynolds numbers. J. Fluid Mech. 573, 171–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, S., Triantafyllou, G.S. & Karniadakis, G.E. 2008 Elimination of vortex streets in bluff-body flows. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (20), 204501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doolan, C.J. 2009 Aeroacoustic simulation of bluff body noise using a hybrid statistical method. In Proc. of ACOUSTICS. Australian Acoustical Society.Google Scholar
Duan, F. & Wang, J. 2021 Fluid–structure–sound interaction in noise reduction of a circular cylinder with flexible splitter plate. J. Fluid Mech. 920, A6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epps, B.P. & Techet, A.H. 2010 An error threshold criterion for singular value decomposition modes extracted from PIV data. Exp. Fluids 48 (2), 355–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etkin, B., Korbacher, G.K. & Keefe, R.T. 1956 Acoustic radiation from a stationary cylinder in a fluid stream. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 28 (4), 776–776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etkin, B., Korbacher, G.K. & Keefe, R.T. 1957 Acoustic radiation from a stationary cylinder in a fluid stream (Aeolian tones). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 29 (1), 30–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fage, A. & Falkner, V.M. 1931 Further experiments on the flow around a circular cylinder. Tech. Rep. HM Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Farge, M. 1992 Wavelet transforms and their applications to turbulence. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 24 (1), 395–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, L.H. & Wang, J.J. 2010 Circular cylinder vortex-synchronization control with a synthetic jet positioned at the rear stagnation point. J. Fluid Mech. 662, 232–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, L.-H., Wang, J.-J. & Pan, C. 2011 Proper orthogonal decomposition analysis of vortex dynamics of a circular cylinder under synthetic jet control. Phys. Fluids 23 (1), 014106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, N. & Parkinson, G.V. 1967 Surface and wake flow phenomena of the vortex-excited oscillation of a circular cylinder. J. Eng. Ind. 89 831–838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ffowcs Williams, J.E. & Hall, L.H. 1970 Aerodynamic sound generation by turbulent flow in the vicinity of a scattering half plane. J. Fluid Mech. 40 (4), 657–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fransson, J.H.M., Konieczny, P. & Alfredsson, P.H. 2004 Flow around a porous cylinder subject to continuous suction or blowing. J. Fluids Struct. 19 (8), 1031–1048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, D., Chen, G., Chen, W., Huang, Y. & Li, H. 2019 Active control of circular cylinder flow with windward suction and leeward blowing. Exp. Fluids 60 (2), 26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, D., Meng, H., Huang, Y., Chen, G. & Chen, W.-L. 2021 Active flow control of the dynamic wake behind a square cylinder using combined jets at the front and rear stagnation points. Phys. Fluids 33 (4), 047101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia-Sagrado, A. & Hynes, T. 2011 Stochastic estimation of flow near the trailing edge of a NACA0012 airfoil. Exp. Fluids 51 (4), 1057–1071.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerrard, J.H. 1955 Measurements of the sound from circular cylinders in an air stream. Proc. Phys. Soc. B 68 (7), 453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerrard, J.H. 1961 An experimental investigation of the oscillating lift and drag of a circular cylinder shedding turbulent vortices. J. Fluid Mech. 11 (2), 244–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerrard, J.H. 1966 The mechanics of the formation region of vortices behind bluff bodies. J. Fluid Mech. 25 (2), 401–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greco, C.S., Paolillo, G., Astarita, T. & Cardone, G. 2020 The von Kármán street behind a circular cylinder: flow control through synthetic jet placed at the rear stagnation point. J. Fluid Mech. 901, A39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gruber, M. 2012 Airfoil noise reduction by edge treatments. PhD thesis, University of Southampton.Google Scholar
Guo, J., Maryami, R., Yang, C., Yang, Y., Wang, X. & Liu, Y. 2023 Aerodynamic noise reduction of a blunt flat plate by trailing-edge blowing. Phys. Fluids 35 (6), 065116.Google Scholar
Guo, M., Wang, Z., Yu, H. & Gao, D. 2022 Wake control of a bluff-body via distributed jets over its surface. AIP Adv. 12 (6), 065025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartwich, P.M., Dickey, E.D., Sclafani, A.J., Camacho, P., Gonzales, A.B., Lawson, E.L., Mairs, R.Y. & Shmilovich, A. 2014 AFC-Enabled Simplified High-Lift System Integration Study. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center.Google Scholar
He, G.S., Li, N. & Wang, J.J. 2014 Drag reduction of square cylinders with cut-corners at the front edges. Exp. Fluids 55, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidari, M. 2016 Wake characteristics of single and tandem emergent cylinders in shallow open channel flow. PhD thesis, University of Windsor (Canada).Google Scholar
Henning, A., Kaepernick, K., Ehrenfried, K., Koop, L. & Dillmann, A. 2008 Investigation of aeroacoustic noise generation by simultaneous particle image velocimetry and microphone measurements. Exp. Fluids 45 (6), 1073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussain, A.K.M.F. 1983 Coherent structures—reality and myth. Phys. Fluids 26 (10), 2816–2850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, O. & Hatakeyama, N. 2002 Sound generation by a two-dimensional circular cylinder in a uniform flow. J. Fluid Mech. 471, 285–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Kármán, T. 1912 Uber den mechanismus des flussigkeits-und luftwiderstandes. Phys. Z., 49–59.Google Scholar
Kim, J. & Choi, H. 2005 Distributed forcing of flow over a circular cylinder. Phys. Fluids 17 (3), 033103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, M., Boris, J. & Sirovich, L. 1990 An eigenfunction analysis of axisymmetric jet flow. J. Comput. Phys. 90 (1), 98–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, H. & Nozaki, T. 1995 Wavelet analysis for the plane turbulent jet: analysis of large eddy structure. JSME Intl J. B 38 (4), 525–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, S., Rival, D.E. & Wu, X. 2021 Sound source and pseudo-sound in the near field of a circular cylinder in subsonic conditions. J. Fluid Mech. 919, A43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, J.C., Towfighi, J. & Rockwell, D. 1995 Near-wake of a circular cylinder: control, by steady and unsteady surface injection. J. Fluids Struct. 9 (6), 659–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mallat, S. 1999 A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Maryami, R. & Ali, S.A.S. 2023 Near-field pressure and wake velocity coherence of a circular cylinder. Phys. Fluids 35 (11), 115140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maryami, R., Ali, S.A.S., Azarpeyvand, M., Dehghan, A.A. & Afshari, A. 2022 a The influence of cylinders in tandem arrangement on unsteady aerodynamic loads. Expl Therm. Fluid Sci. 139, 110709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maryami, R., Arcondoulis, E. & Liu, Y. 2023 a Aeroacoustic investigation of active base blowing applied to a structured porous cylinder. In AIAA AVIATION 2023 Forum, p. 3741. AIAA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maryami, R., Arcondoulis, E. & Liu, Y. 2023 b Experimental investigation of local blowing for noise and flow control of a circular cylinder. In AIAA AVIATION 2023 Forum, p. 3742. AIAA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maryami, R., Arcondoulis, E.J.G., Liu, Q. & Liu, Y. 2023 c Experimental near-field analysis for flow induced noise of a structured porous-coated cylinder. J. Sound Vib. 551, 117611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maryami, R., Arcondoulis, E.J.G., Yang, C. & Liu, Y. 2023 d Relationship between vortex shedding noise and remotely-sensed surface pressure fluctuations of a structured porous-coated cylinder. In INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings, vol. 265, pp. 515–526. Institute of Noise Control Engineering.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maryami, R., Arcondoulis, E., Yang, C., Szoke, M., Xiang, Z., Guo, J., Wei, R. & Liu, Y. 2022 b Application of local blowing to a structured porous-coated cylinder for flow and noise control. In 28th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics 2022 Conference, p. 2921. AIAA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maryami, R., Azarpeyvand, M., Dehghan, A.A. & Afshari, A. 2019 An experimental investigation of the surface pressure fluctuations for round cylinders. Trans. ASME J. Fluids Engng 141 (6), 061203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maryami, R., Showkat Ali, S.A., Azarpeyvand, M. & Afshari, A. 2020 Turbulent flow interaction with a circular cylinder. Phys. Fluids 32 (1), 015105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathelin, L., Bataille, F. & Lallemand, A. 2002 The effect of uniform blowing on the flow past a circular cylinder. Trans. ASME J. Fluids Engng 124 (2), 452–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mish, P.F. 2001 Mean loading and turbulence scale effects on the surface pressure fluctuations occurring on a NACA 0015 airfoil immersed in grid generated turbulence. PhD thesis, Virginia Tech.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishioka, M. & Sato, H. 1978 Mechanism of determination of the shedding frequency of vortices behind a cylinder at low Reynolds numbers. J. Fluid Mech. 89 (1), 49–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norberg, C. 1986 Interaction between freestream turbulence and vortex shedding for a single tube in cross-flow. J. Wind Engng Ind. Aerodyn. 23, 501–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norberg, C. 1987 Effects of Reynolds number and a low-intensity freestream turbulence on the flow around a circular cylinder. Thesis, Chalmers University, Goteborg, Sweden, Technological Publications 87 (2), 1–55.Google Scholar
Norberg, C. 2003 Fluctuating lift on a circular cylinder: review and new measurements. J. Fluids Struct. 17 (1), 57–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Octavianty, R. & Asai, M. 2016 Effects of short splitter plates on vortex shedding and sound generation in flow past two side-by-side square cylinders. Exp. Fluids 57, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oguma, Y., Yamagata, T. & Fujisawa, N. 2013 Measurement of sound source distribution around a circular cylinder in a uniform flow by combined particle image velocimetry and microphone technique. J. Wind Engng Ind. Aerodyn. 118, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Oudheusden, B.W., Scarano, F., van Hinsberg, N.P. & Watt, D.W. 2005 Phase-resolved characterization of vortex shedding in the near wake of a square-section cylinder at incidence. Exp. Fluids 39, 86–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, D.S., Ladd, D.M. & Hendricks, E.W. 1994 Feedback control of von Kármán vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers. Phys. Fluids 6 (7), 2390–2405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrin, R., Braza, M., Cid, E., Cazin, S., Barthet, A., Sevrain, A., Mockett, C. & Thiele, F. 2007 Obtaining phase averaged turbulence properties in the near wake of a circular cylinder at high Reynolds number using pod. Exp. Fluids 43, 341–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portela, F.A., Papadakis, G. & Vassilicos, J.C. 2018 Turbulence dissipation and the role of coherent structures in the near wake of a square prism. Phys. Rev. Fluids 3 (12), 124609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portela, F.A., Papadakis, G. & Vassilicos, J.C. 2020 The role of coherent structures and inhomogeneity in near-field interscale turbulent energy transfers. J. Fluid Mech. 896, A16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posdziech, O. & Grundmann, R. 2007 A systematic approach to the numerical calculation of fundamental quantities of the two-dimensional flow over a circular cylinder. J. Fluids Struct. 23 (3), 479–499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Provansal, M., Mathis, C. & Boyer, L. 1987 Bénard-von Kármán instability: transient and forced regimes. J. Fluid Mech. 182, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qin, L. 2004 Development of reduced-order models for lift and drag on oscillating cylinders with higher-order spectral moments. PhD thesis, Virginia Tech.Google Scholar
Qu, Y., Wang, J., Sun, M., Feng, L., Pan, C., Gao, Q. & He, G. 2017 Wake vortex evolution of square cylinder with a slot synthetic jet positioned at the rear surface. J. Fluid Mech. 812, 940–965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rashidi, S., Hayatdavoodi, M. & Esfahani, J.A. 2016 Vortex shedding suppression and wake control: a review. Ocean Engng 126, 57–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roshko, A. 1955 On the wake and drag of bluff bodies. J. Aeronaut. Sci. 22 (2), 124–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadeh, W.Z. & Saharon, D.B. 1982 Turbulence effect on crossflow around a circular cylinder at subcritical Reynolds numbers. Tech. Rep. NASA.Google Scholar
Schäfer, F., Breuer, M. & Durst, F. 2009 The dynamics of the transitional flow over a backward-facing step. J. Fluid Mech. 623, 85–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlichting, H. & Gersten, K. 2003 Boundary-Layer Theory. Springer Science & Business Media.Google Scholar
Sharma, K.R. & Dutta, S. 2020 Flow control over a square cylinder using attached rigid and flexible splitter plate at intermediate flow regime. Phys. Fluids 32 (1), 014104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Showkat Ali, S.A., Mahdi, A. & Da Silva, C.R.I. 2018 Trailing-edge flow and noise control using porous treatments. J. Fluid Mech. 850, 83–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Showkat Ali, S.A., Mahdi, A. & Da Silva, C.R.I. 2020 Trailing edge bluntness noise reduction using porous treatments. J. Sound Vib. 474, 115257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sirovich, L. 1987 Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures. Parts I, II and III. Q. Appl. Maths 45, 561–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sreenivasan, K.R., Strykowski, P.J. & Olinger, D.J. 1987 Hopf bifurcation, Landau equation, and vortex shedding behind circular cylinders. In Forum on Unsteady Flow Separation, vol. 1, pp. 1–13. ASME.Google Scholar
Strouhal, V. 1878 Über eine besondere Art der Tonerregung. Stahel.Google Scholar
Sueki, T., Takaishi, T., Ikeda, M. & Arai, N. 2010 Application of porous material to reduce aerodynamic sound from bluff bodies. Fluid Dyn. Res. 42 (1), 015004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, T. & Colonius, T. 2006 Instability waves in a subsonic round jet detected using a near-field phased microphone array. J. Fluid Mech. 565, 197–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Unal, M.F. & Rockwell, D. 1988 On vortex formation from a cylinder. Part 1. The initial instability. J. Fluid Mech. 190, 491–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vemuri, S.H.S., Liu, X., Zang, B. & Azarpeyvand, M. 2020 On the use of leading-edge serrations for noise control in a tandem airfoil configuration. Phys. Fluids 32 (7), 077102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, D.R. & Amato, C.W. 1989 Unsteady pulsing of cylinder wakes. In Frontiers in Experimental Fluid Mechanics, pp. 337–364. Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, D.R., Mansy, H. & Amato, C. 1992 The response and symmetry properties of a cylinder wake subjected to localized surface excitation. J. Fluid Mech. 234, 71–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, C.H.K. 1996 Vortex dynamics in the cylinder wake. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 28 (1), 477–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, H.Y. 1985 Wake flow stabilization by the action of base bleed. J. Fluids Eng. 107 (3), 378–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, C.J. 1964 The effect of base bleed on a periodic wake. Aeronaut. J. 68 (643), 477–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, C.J. 1967 Visualization of an incompressible wake with base bleed. J. Fluid Mech. 29 (2), 259–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, Z. & Choi, H. 2021 Modification of flow behind a circular cylinder by steady and time-periodic blowing. Phys. Fluids 33 (11), 115126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, R., Shen, C., Zhang, P., Wei, R., Liu, X. & Xu, P. 2021 Design, validation, and benchmark tests of the aeroacoustic wind tunnel in sustech. Appl. Acoust. 175, 107847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zdravkovich, M.M. 1981 Review and classification of various aerodynamic and hydrodynamic means for suppressing vortex shedding. J. Wind Engng Ind. Aerodyn. 7 (2), 145–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, Y. & Antonia, R.A. 1992 Convection velocity measurements in a cylinder wake. Exp. Fluids 13 (1), 63–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar