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The emission properties, structure and stability of ionic liquid menisci undergoing electrically assisted ion evaporation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 January 2022

Ximo Gallud Open the ORCID record for Ximo Gallud [Opens in a new window]  and
Paulo C. Lozano
Ximo Gallud*
Affiliation:
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139 Cambridge, MA, USA
Paulo C. Lozano
Affiliation:
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139 Cambridge, MA, USA
*
†Email address for correspondence: ximogc@mit.edu
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Abstract

The properties and structure of electrically stressed ionic liquid menisci experiencing ion evaporation are simulated using an electrohydrodynamic model with field-enhanced thermionic emission in steady state for an axially symmetric geometry. Solutions are explored as a function of the external background field, meniscus dimension, hydraulic impedance and liquid temperature. Statically stable solutions for emitting menisci are found to be constrained to a set of conditions: a minimum hydraulic impedance, a maximum current output and a narrow range of background fields that maximizes at menisci sizes of 0.5–3 ${\rm \mu}{\rm m}$ in radius. Static stability is lost when the electric field adjacent to the electrode that holds the meniscus corresponds to an electric pressure that exceeds twice the surface tension stress of a sphere of the same size as the meniscus. Preliminary investigations suggest this limit to be universal, therefore, independent of most ionic liquid properties, reservoir pressure, hydraulic impedance or temperature and could explain the experimentally observed bifurcation of a steady ion source into two or more emission sites. Ohmic heating near the emission region increases the liquid temperature, which is found to be important to accurately describe stability boundaries. Temperature increase does not affect the current output when the hydraulic impedance is constant. This phenomenon is thought to be due to an improved interface charge relaxation enhanced by the higher electrical conductivity. Dissipated ohmic energy is mostly conducted to the electrode wall. The higher thermal diffusivity of the wall versus the liquid, allows the ion source to run in steady state without heating.

JFM classification

Drops and Bubbles: Electrohydrodynamic effects Interfacial Flows (free surface): Capillary flows

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JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 933 , 25 February 2022 , A43
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© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

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References

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