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Formation of compound droplets during fragmentation of turbulent buoyant oil jet in water

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 September 2019

Xinzhi Xue Open the ORCID record for Xinzhi Xue [Opens in a new window]  and
Joseph Katz Open the ORCID record for Joseph Katz [Opens in a new window]
Xinzhi Xue
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Joseph Katz*
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
*
†Email address for correspondence: katz@jhu.edu
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Abstract

Fragmentation of a vertical buoyant silicone oil jet injected into sugar water is elucidated by refractive index matching and planar laser-induced fluorescence. Compound droplets containing multiple water droplets, some with smaller oil droplets, form regularly at jet Reynolds numbers of $Re=1358$ and 2122 and persist for at least up to 30 nozzle diameters. In contrast, they rarely appear at $Re=594$. The origin of some of the encapsulated water droplets can be traced back to the entrained water ligaments during the initial roll-up of Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices. Analysis using random forest-based procedures shows that the fraction of compound droplets does not vary significantly with $Re$, but increases rapidly with droplet diameter, reaching 78 % for 2 mm droplets. Consequently, the size distributions of compound droplets have peaks that increase in magnitude and shift to a lower diameter with increasing $Re$. On average, the interior pockets raise the oil–water interfacial area by 15 %, increasing with diameter and axial location. Also, while the oil droplets are deformed by the jet’s shear field, the interior interfaces remain nearly spherical, consistent with prior studies of the deformation of isolated compound droplets for relevant capillary numbers and viscosity ratio.

JFM classification

Drops and Bubbles: Breakup/coalescence Drops and Bubbles: Drops Wakes/Jets: Jets
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 878 , 10 November 2019 , pp. 98 - 112
Copyright
© 2019 Cambridge University Press 

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Xue and Katz supplementary movie 1

Sample movies of the oil jet fragmentation: left: Re = 594; center: Re = 1358; and right: Re = 2122.

Download Xue and Katz supplementary movie 1(Video)
Video 8.1 MB

Xue and Katz supplementary movie 2

Sample movies of oil ligaments and compound droplets at Re=1358 and z/d = 20.6.

Download Xue and Katz supplementary movie 2(Video)
Video 2.6 MB

Xue and Katz supplementary movie 3

A sample movie showing processes leading to compound droplet formation at Re=1358. Arrows of the same colour follow the same water ligament in frames separated by 2ms.

Download Xue and Katz supplementary movie 3(Video)
Video 4.6 MB

Xue and Katz supplementary movie 4

A sample movie showing the evolution of ligaments resulting in compound droplet formation at Re=1358. The arrows follow the same ligament in frames separated by 2ms.

Download Xue and Katz supplementary movie 4(Video)
Video 592.2 KB