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Instability and transition onset downstream of a laminar separation bubble at Mach 6

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 August 2023

Elizabeth K. Benitez Open the ORCID record for Elizabeth K. Benitez [Opens in a new window] ,
Matthew P. Borg ,
Anton Scholten ,
Pedro Paredes ,
Zachary McDaniel  and
Joseph S. Jewell Open the ORCID record for Joseph S. Jewell [Opens in a new window]
Elizabeth K. Benitez*
Affiliation:
High-Speed Aerodynamics Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
Matthew P. Borg
Affiliation:
High-Speed Aerodynamics Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
Anton Scholten
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
Pedro Paredes
Affiliation:
National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
Zachary McDaniel
Affiliation:
School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Joseph S. Jewell
Affiliation:
School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
*
†Email address for correspondence: elizabeth.benitez.2@us.af.mil
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Abstract

Instability measurements of an axisymmetric, laminar separation bubble were made over a sharp cone-cylinder-flare with a $12^{\circ }$ flare angle under hypersonic quiet flow. Two distinct instabilities were identified: Mack's second mode (which peaked between 190 and 290 kHz) and the shear-layer instability in the same frequency band as Mack's first mode (observed between 50 and 150 kHz). Both instabilities were measured with surface pressure sensors and were captured with high-speed schlieren. Linear stability analysis results agreed well with these measured instabilities in terms of both peak frequencies and amplification rates. Lower-frequency fluctuations were also noted in the schlieren data. Bicoherence analysis revealed nonlinear phase-locking between the shear-layer and second-mode instabilities. For the first time in axisymmetric, low-disturbance flow, naturally generated intermittent turbulent spots were observed in the reattached boundary layer. These spots appeared to evolve from shear-layer-instability wave packets convecting downstream. This work presents novel experimental evidence of the hypersonic shear-layer instability contributing directly to transition onset for an axisymmetric model.

JFM classification

Boundary Layers: Boundary layer separation Compressible Flows: Hypersonic Flow Instability: Transition to turbulence
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 969 , 25 August 2023 , A11
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Creative Commons
This is a work of the US Government and is not subject to copyright protection within the United States. Published by Cambridge University Press.
Copyright
© Department of the Air Force, 2023

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Footnotes

Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited. PA# AFRL-2023-1111.

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Benitez et al. Supplementary Movie 1

Amplification and breakdown of a turbulent spot in the shear layer reattached boundary layer at Re=12.3e66/m.

Download Benitez et al. Supplementary Movie 1(Video)
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