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Shock-induced atomisation of a liquid metal droplet

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 September 2023

Shubham Sharma Open the ORCID record for Shubham Sharma [Opens in a new window] ,
Navin Kumar Chandra Open the ORCID record for Navin Kumar Chandra [Opens in a new window] ,
Aloke Kumar Open the ORCID record for Aloke Kumar [Opens in a new window]  and
Saptarshi Basu Open the ORCID record for Saptarshi Basu [Opens in a new window]
Shubham Sharma
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
Navin Kumar Chandra
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
Aloke Kumar
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
Saptarshi Basu*
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
*
†Email address for correspondence: sbasu@iisc.ac.in
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Abstract

The present study uses Galinstan as a test fluid to investigate the shock-induced atomisation of a liquid metal droplet in a high-Weber-number regime $(We \sim 400\unicode{x2013}8000)$. Atomisation dynamics is examined for three test environments: oxidizing (Galinstan–air), inert (Galinstan–nitrogen) and conventional fluids (deionised water–air). Due to the readily oxidizing nature of liquid metals, their atomisation in an industrial scale system is generally carried out in inert atmosphere conditions. However, no previous study has considered gas-induced secondary atomisation of liquid metals in inert conditions. Due to experimental challenges associated with molten metals, laboratory scale models are generally tested for conventional fluids like deionised water, liquid fuels, etc. The translation of results obtained from conventional fluid to liquid metal atomisation is rarely explored. Here a direct multiscale spatial and temporal comparison is provided between the atomisation dynamics of conventional fluid and liquid metals under oxidizing and inert conditions. The liquid metal droplet undergoes breakup through the shear-induced entrainment mode for the studied range of Weber number values. The prevailing mechanism is explained based on the relative dominance of droplet deformation and Kelvin–Helmholtz wave formation. The study provides quantitative and qualitative similarities for the three test cases and explains the differences in morphology of fragmenting secondary droplets in the oxidizing test case (Galinstan–air) due to rapid oxidation of the fragmenting ligaments. A phenomenological framework is postulated for predicting the morphology of secondary droplets. The formation of flake-like secondary droplets in the Galinstan air test case is based on the oxidation rate of liquid metals and the properties of the oxide layer formed on the atomizing ligament surface.

JFM classification

Drops and Bubbles: Drops
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 972 , 10 October 2023 , A7
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© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

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Sharma et al. Supplementary Movie 1

Movie 1: Global view of atomisation.

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Video 20.8 MB

Sharma et al. Supplementary Movie 2

Movie 2: Mechanism of Galinstan droplet breakup.

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Video 6.5 MB

Sharma et al. Supplementary Movie 3

Movie 3: Measurement of cross stream deformation.

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Video 7.9 MB

Sharma et al. Supplementary Movie 4

Movie 4: Kelvin-Helmholtz instability waves visualisation.

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Supplementary material: PDF

Sharma et al. supplementary material

Sharma et al. supplementary material

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