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Turbulent fountains in one- and two-layer crossflows

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 November 2011

Joseph K. Ansong ,
Alexandra Anderson-Frey  and
Bruce R. Sutherland
Joseph K. Ansong
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
Alexandra Anderson-Frey
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
Bruce R. Sutherland*
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
*
†Email address for correspondence: bruce.sutherland@ualberta.ca
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Abstract

The Lagrangian theory developed for fountains in a stationary fluid is extended to predict the path and breadth of a fountain in a one- and two-layer fluid with a moderate crossflow. The predictions compare well with the results of laboratory experiments of fountains in a one-layer fluid. The empirical spreading parameter determined from the one-layer experiments is used in the theory for fountains in a two-layer crossflow. Though qualitatively correct, the theory underpredicts the height and radius of the fountains. Similar to the behaviour of fountains in two-layer stationary ambients, the fountain in a two-layer crossflow is observed to exhibit three regimes of flow: it may penetrate the interface, eventually returning to the level of the source where it spreads as a propagating gravity current; upon descent, it may be trapped at the interface where it spreads as a propagating intrusion; it may do both, partially descending to the source and partially being trapped at the interface. These regimes are classified theoretically and empirically. The theoretical classification compared the buoyancy excess of the descending flow to the density difference between the two layers. The regimes are also classified using empirically determined regime parameters which govern the relative initial momentum of the fountain and the relative density difference of the fountain and the ambient fluid.

JFM classification

Convection: Plumes/thermals
Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 689 , 25 December 2011 , pp. 254 - 278
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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