1 Peter Dear has referred to the concept of ‘circulation’ as ‘somewhat amorphous’. Dear, Peter, ‘Historiography of not-so-recent science’, History of Science, 50, 2012, p. 203 Google Scholar.

2 Sarasin, Philipp and Kilcher, Andreas B., ‘Editorial’, Nach Feierabend, 2001, p. 8 Google Scholar. See also Dommann, Monika, ‘Alles fließt: soll die Geschichte nomadischer werden?’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 42, 2016, p. 530 Google Scholar.

3 Rockefeller, Stuart A., ‘Flow’, Current Anthropology, 52, 4, 2011, pp. 558–559 Google Scholar.

4 I take this phrase from Neil Safier, who asked in the American Historical Review discussion on the circulation of information how ‘certain terms … come into vogue and become dominant metaphorically … in academic culture, and what the temptations and pitfalls are in using them’. Edwards, Paul N. et al., ‘AHR conversation: historical perspectives on the circulation of information’, American Historical Review, 116, 5, 2011, p. 1412 Google Scholar.

5 See the focus sections ‘Global histories of science’, Isis, 101, 1, 2010; ‘Global currents in national histories of science: the “global turn” and the history of science in Latin America’, Isis, 104, 4, 2013; and ‘Bridging concepts: connecting and globalizing history of science, history of technology, and economic history’, Isis, 106, 4, 2015, where circulation was used in eleven of thirteen articles.

6 In going over uses of the word in a set number of issues of a particular journal using a keyword search, I adopt the approach applied by Stuart A. Rockefeller in his analysis of the keyword ‘flow’. Rockefeller, ‘Flow’.

7 Practitioners in history as well as cultural studies have written about uses of the term ‘circulation’ in past societies. See, for instance, Schmidt, Harald and Sandl, Marcus, eds., Gedächtnis und Zirkulation: der Diskurs des Kreislaufs im 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhundert, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2002 Google Scholar.

8 See, for instance, Cooper, Frederick, ‘What is the concept of globalization good for? An African historian’s perspective’, African Affairs, 100, 2001, pp. 189–213 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Osterhammel, Jürgen, ‘Globalizations’, in Jerry H. Bentley, ed., The Oxford handbook of world history, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 89–104 Google Scholar; Dommann, ‘Alles fließt’, pp. 526–32.

9 Gamsa, Mark, ‘Cultural translation and the transnational circulation of books’, Journal of World History, 22, 3, 2011, p. 557 Google Scholar.

10 Horne, Julia, ‘The cosmopolitan life of Alice Erh-Soon Tay’, Journal of World History, 21, 3, 2010, p. 421 Google Scholar.

11 Prestholdt, Jeremy, ‘Resurrecting Che: radicalism, the transnational imagination, and the politics of heroes’, Journal of Global History, 7, 3, 2012, p. 511 Google Scholar.

12 Daviron, Benoit, ‘Mobilizing labour in African agriculture: the role of the International Colonial Institute in the elaboration of a standard of colonial administration, 1895–1930’, Journal of Global History, 5, 3, 2010, pp. 479 Google Scholar, 481, and 500.

13 Afonso, Luís U., ‘Patterns of artistic hybridization in the early protoglobalization period’, Journal of World History, 27, 2, 2016, p. 223 Google Scholar.

14 Winder, Gordon M., ‘London’s global reach? Reuters news and network, 1865, 1881, and 1914’, Journal of World History, 21, 2, 2010, p. 288 Google Scholar.

15 Zhao, Bing, ‘Global trade and Swahili cosmopolitan material culture: Chinese-style ceramic shards from Sanje Ya Kati and Songo Mnara (Kilwa, Tanzania)’, Journal of World History, 23, 1, 2012, p. 70 Google Scholar.

16 Sackley, Nicole, ‘The village as Cold War site: experts, development, and the history of rural reconstruction’, Journal of Global History, 6, 3, 2011, p. 484 Google Scholar.

17 Zastoupil, Lynn, ‘“Notorious and convicted mutilators”: Rammohun Roy, Thomas Jefferson, and the Bible’, Journal of World History, 20, 3, 2009, p. 433 Google Scholar.

18 Wilson, Elizabeth A., ‘“Would I had him with me always”: affects of longing in early artificial intelligence’, Isis, 100, 4, 2009, p. 844 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

19 de Chadarevian, Soraya, ‘The making of an entrepreneurial science: biotechnology in Britain, 1975–1995’, Isis, 102, 4, 2011, p. 616 Google ScholarPubMed.

20 Yi, Doogab, ‘Who owns what? Private ownership and the public interest in recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s’, Isis, 102, 3, 2011, p. 470 Google Scholar.

21 Löwy, Ilana, ‘Historiography of biomedicine: “bio”, “medicine”, and in between’, Isis, 102, 1, 2011, p. 118 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Erickson, Paul, ‘Mathematical models, rational choice, and the search for Cold War culture’, Isis, 102, 2, 2010, p. 387 Google Scholar.

23 ‘circulation, n.’, in Oxford English dictionary online, Oxford University Press (consulted 23 June 2016).

24 Strasser, Ulrike and Tinsman, Heidi, ‘“It’s a man’s world?” World history meets the history of masculinity, in Latin American Studies, for instance’, Journal of World History, 21, 1, 2010, p. 89 Google Scholar.

25 Tuffnell, Stephen, ‘Engineering inter-imperialism: American miners and the transformation of global mining, 1871–1910’, Journal of Global History, 10, 1, pp. 53, 62 Google Scholar.

26 This passage is taken from the abstract pertaining to an article by Michael Tsin on prison and penal practices in late imperial and early republican China; the passage does not reflect Tsin’s argument but refers to other historians’ views, from which Tsin skilfully dissociates himself. Tsin, Michael, ‘Overlapping histories: writing prison and penal practices in late imperial and early republican China’, Journal of World History, 20, 1, 2009, p. 69 Google Scholar.

27 For a discussion of circulation’s association with Eurocentrism in a global history of science, see, for instance, Elshakry, Marwa, ‘When science became Western: historiographical reflections’, Isis, 101, 1, 2010, pp. 98–109 Google Scholar. For a discussion of the same association in the global history of art, and how an approach ‘that emphasizes circulations of art aims to counter’ diffusionist narratives, see Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta, Catherine Dossin, , and Joyeux-Prunel, Béatrice, ‘Introduction: reintroducing circulations: historiography and the project of global art history’, in Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann, Catherine Dossin, and Béatrice Joyeux-Prunel, eds., Circulations in the global history of art, Farnham: Ashgate, 2015, p. 2 Google Scholar.

28 Cooper, Frederick, ‘Was nützt der Begriff der Globalisierung? Aus der Perspektive eines Afrika-Historikers’, in Sebastian Conrad, Andreas Eckert, and Ulrike Freitag, eds., Globalgeschichte: Theorien, Ansätze, Themen, Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2007, p. 131 Google Scholar.

29 On how the term ‘circulation’ was introduced in the history of science precisely to displace ‘diffusion’, see Dommann, ‘Alles fließt’, p. 526.

30 Secord, James A., ‘Knowledge in transit’, Isis, 95, 4, 2004, p. 661 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

31 ‘circulation’, in The new encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edn, vol. 3, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 1998, p. 327.

32 See also Dear, ‘Historiography’, p. 203.

33 See, for instance, Irigoin, Alejandra, ‘The end of a silver era: the consequences of the breakdown of the Spanish peso standard in China and the United States, 1780s–1850s’, Journal of World History, 20, 2, 2009, pp. 218 Google Scholar, 219, 222, 223; Yang, Bin, ‘The rise and fall of cowrie shells: the Asian story’, Journal of World History, 22, 1, 2011, pp. 9–10 Google Scholar. See also Ann Pollard, Elizabeth, ‘Pliny’s Natural history and the Flavian Templum pacis: botanical imperialism in first-century c.e. Rome’, Journal of World History, 20, 3, 2009, p. 333 Google Scholar, n. 79; Shaffer, Robert, ‘The “internationalization” of U. S. history: a progress report for world historians’, Journal of World History, 20, 4, 2009, p. 593 Google Scholar; Kuroda, Akinobu, ‘The Eurasian silver century, 1276–1359: commensurability and multiplicity’, Journal of Global History, 4, 2, 2009, pp. 245–246 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Peter Földvári, Bas van Leeuwen and Pirngruber, Reinhard, ‘Markets in pre-industrial societies: storage in Hellenistic Babylonia in the medieval English mirror’, Journal of Global History, 6, 2, 2011, p. 190 Google Scholar.

34 Sandl, Marcus and Schmidt, Harald, ‘Einleitung’, in Schmidt and Sandl, Gedächtnis und Zirkulation, p. 14 Google Scholar. See also Schmidtgall, Harry, ‘Zur Rezeption von Harveys Blutkreislaufmodell in der englischen Wirtschaftstheorie des 17. Jahrhunderts: ein Beitrag zum Einfluß der Naturwissenschaften auf die Ökonomie’, Sudhoffs Archiv, 57, 4, 1973, pp. 416–430 Google Scholar.

35 See Michel Foucault’s discussion of the transfer of the ‘circulation’ concept from medicine to economy. Foucault, Michel, Die Ordnung der Dinge: eine Archäologie der Humanwissenschaften, trans. Ulrich Köppen, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1994, pp. 226–227 Google Scholar.

36 ‘circulation, n.’, in Oxford English dictionary online, Oxford University Press (consulted 23 June 2016). See also ‘circulation, n.’, in Online etymology dictionary, http://www.etymonline.com/index.php (consulted 23 June 2016).

37 Todd Lowry, S., ‘The archaeology of the circulation concept in economic theory’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 35, 3, 1974, pp. 435–436 Google Scholar.

38 On the relationship between the linked vocabularies of medicine and economy, see Gil Harris, Jonathan, Sick economies: drama, mercantilism, and disease in Shakespeare’s England, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 3 Google Scholar.

39 One laudable exception is Peter Dear, who has pointed to how the concept of ‘circulation’, as it is used by historians of science today, is ‘partly drawn from the Smithian notion in “classical” economics of the circulation of money and fungible goods’. Dear, ‘Historiography’, p. 203.

40 Raj, Kapil, ‘Beyond postcolonialism … and postpositivism: circulation and the global history of science’, Isis, 104, 2, 2013, p. 344 Google Scholar.

41 See, for instance, the suggestion to employ ‘circulation’ for ‘a double movement of going forth and coming back, which can be repeated indefinitely’. Markovits, Claude, Pouchepadassm, Jacques, and Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, ‘Introduction: circulation and society under colonial rule’, in Claude Markovits, Jaques Pouchepadassm, and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, eds., Society and circulation: mobile people and itinerant cultures in South Asia 1750–1950, London: Anthem, 2003, p. 3 Google Scholar.

42 Raj, ‘Beyond postcolonialism’, p. 344.

43 Lowry, ‘Archaeology of the circulation concept’, p. 429.

44 Evans, Chris and Saunders, Olivia, ‘A world of copper: globalizing the Industrial Revolution, 1830–70’, Journal of Global History, 10, 1, 2015, p. 25 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

45 Runstedtler, Theresa, ‘White Anglo-Saxon hopes and Black Americans’ Atlantic dreams: Jack Johnson and the British boxing colour bar’, Journal of World History, 21, 4, 2010, p. 673 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

46 Everill, Bronwen, ‘“Destiny seems to point me to that country”: early nineteenth-century African American migration, emigration, and expansion’, Journal of Global History, 7, 1, 2012, p. 59 Google Scholar.

47 Burnard, Trevor, ‘The British Atlantic’, in Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan, eds., Atlantic history: a critical appraisal, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 111 Google Scholar, cited in Amussen, Susan D. and Poska, Allyson M., ‘Restoring Miranda: gender and the limits of European patriarchy in the early modern Atlantic world’, Journal of Global History, 7, 3, 2012, p. 343 Google Scholar.

48 Osterhammel, ‘Globalizations’, p. 93.

49 Lowry, ‘Archaeology of the circulation concept’, p. 429.

50 Aguilar, Filomeno V., ‘Manilamen and seafaring: engaging the maritime world beyond the Spanish realm’, Journal of Global History, 7, 3, 2012, p. 377 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

51 Du, Chinmei, ‘Gu Hongming as a cultural amphibian: a Confucian universalist critique of modern Western civilization’, Journal of World History, 22, 4, 2011, p. 736 Google Scholar.

52 Prestholdt, ‘Resurrecting Che’, p. 513.

53 Gerritsen, Anne and McDowall, Stephen, ‘Material culture and the other: European encounters with Chinese porcelain, ca. 1650–1800’, Journal of World History, 23, 1, 2012, p. 100 Google Scholar.

54 Rodgers, Daniel T., ‘Bearing tales: networks and narratives in social policy transfer’, Journal of Global History, 9, 2, 2014, p. 313 Google Scholar.

55 Delbourgo, James, ‘Listing people’, Isis, 103, 4, 2012, p. 736 Google Scholar.

56 Löwy, ‘Historiography of biomedicine’, p. 120.

57 Dassow, Laura, ‘Of atoms, oaks, and cannibals: or, more things that talk’, Isis, 101, 3, 2010, p. 595 Google Scholar.

58 Pyenson, Lewis and Verbruggen, Christophe, ‘Ego and the international: the modernist circle of George Sarton’, Isis, 100, 1, 2009, p. 62 Google Scholar.

59 Tilley, Helen, ‘Global histories, vernacular science, and African genealogies: or, is the history of science ready for the world?’, Isis, 101, 1, 2010, pp. 112–113 Google Scholar.

60 Rockefeller, ‘Flow’, p. 559.

61 Adelman, Jeremy, ‘Mimesis and rivalry: European empires and global regimes’, Journal of Global History, 10, 1, 2015, p. 79 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

62 Markovits, Claude, The global world of Indian merchants, 1750–1947, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 25 Google Scholar.

63 Raj, ‘Beyond postcolonialism’, p. 345.

64 Arjun Appadurai, ‘Circulation ≈ forms’, keynote lecture for ‘Loose Canons’ conference, New York University, Department of Media, Culture and Communication, 28 September 2007, http://jwtc.org.za/the_salon/volume_2/arjun_appadurai_circulation_forms.htm (consulted 23 June 2016).

65 Latour, Bruno, ‘On actor–network theory: a few clarifications’, Soziale Welt, 47, 4, 1996, pp. 370–372 Google Scholar.

On the role of ‘circulation’ in Bruno Latour’s model, see also Roberts, Lissa, ‘Situating science in global history: local exchanges and networks of circulation’, Itinerario, 33, 1, 2009, p. 17 Google Scholar.

66 Bruno Latour reconciles the notion of the closed system and the expansive nature of networks, by arguing that the ‘network’, even when expanding, ‘has no outside’. Bruno Latour, ‘On actor-network theory’, pp. 372; 377.

67 Fan, Fa-Ti, ‘Circulating material objects: the international controversy over antiquities and fossils in twentieth-century China’, in Bernard Lightman, Gordon Mcouat, and Larry Stewart, eds., The circulation of knowledge between Britain, India and China: the early-modern world to the twentieth century, Leiden: BRILL, 2013, p. 210 Google Scholar.

68 In the past decade or so, new intellectual directions in anthropology have begun to make the issue of infrastructures central. See Larkin, Brian, ‘The politics and poetics of infrastructure’, Annual Review of Anthropology, 42, 2013, p. 328 Google Scholar.

69 Rockefeller, ‘Flow’, p. 559.

70 Tyrrell, Ian, ‘Reflections on the transnational turn in United States history: theory and practice’, Journal of Global History, 4, 3, 2009, p. 457 Google Scholar.

71 Prazniak, Roxann, ‘Siena on the silk roads: Ambrogio Lorenzetti and the Mongol global century, 1250–1350’, Journal of World History, 21, 2, 2010, p. 191 Google Scholar.

72 Michael, Bernardo A., ‘Writing a world history of the Anglo-Gorkha borderlands in the early nineteenth century’, Journal of World History, 25, 4, 2014, p. 547 Google Scholar.

73 This criticism was expressed by Rockefeller in his reflections on ‘flow’. See Rockefeller, ‘Flow’. Some global historians have criticized their fellow practitioners for privileging not the manner in which connections come about but the fact that they do. See, for instance, such a criticism in Sebastian Conrad, Globalgeschichte: eine Einführung, Munich: C. H. Beck, p. 93.

74 Zastoupil, ‘“Notorious and convicted mutilators”’, p. 401.

75 Adelman, ‘Mimesis and rivalry’, p. 85.

76 Davini, Roberto, ‘Bengali raw silk, the East India Company and the European global market, 1770–1833’, Journal of Global History, 4, 1, 2009, p. 64 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

77 Mcquade, Joseph, ‘The new Asia of Rash Behari Bose: India, Japan, and the limits of the international, 1912–1945’, Journal of World History, 27, 4, p. 641 Google Scholar.

78 ‘circulation, n.’, in Oxford English dictionary online, Oxford University Press, draft additions October 2009 (consulted 23 June 2016).

79 Gerritsen and McDowall, ‘Material culture’, p. 100.

80 Huang, Ellen, ‘From the imperial court to the international art market: Jingdezhen porcelain production as global visual culture’, Journal of World History, 23, 1, 2012, p. 115 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

81 Horne, ‘Cosmopolitan life of Alice Erh-Soon Tay’, p. 421.

82 This example is taken from a review published in the Journal of World History: Zouhair Ghazzal, ‘The long divergence: how Islamic law held back the Middle East, by Timur Kuran’, Journal of World History, 23, 2, 2012, p. 422.

83 Kuklick, Henrika, ‘Personal equations: reflections on the history of fieldwork, with special reference to sociocultural anthropology’, Isis, 102, 1, 2011, p. 26 Google Scholar.

84 Newman, William R., ‘What have we learned from the recent historiography of alchemy?’, Isis, 102, 2, 2011, p. 319 Google Scholar.

85 Lucier, Paul, ‘The professional and the scientist in nineteenth-century America’, Isis, 100, 4, 2009, p. 727 Google Scholar.

86 ‘Reviewers’ can ‘refuse to circulate’ a narrative by declining to review it. See Jeffrey Gunn, ‘Creating a paradox: Quobna Ottobah Cugoano and the slave trade’s violation of the principles of Christianity, reason, and property ownership’, Journal of World History 21, 4, 2010, p. 629.

87 Rockefeller, ‘Flow’, p. 559.

88 Ibid.

89 As Stuart A. Rockefeller put it, ‘flow’ ‘privileges a form (unbroken, agentless movement) over any content’ (ibid., p. 560).

90 On subaltern agency, see, for instance, Pedroni, Thomas C., ‘Can the subaltern act? African American involvement in educational voucher plans’, in Michael W. Apple and Kristen L. Buras, eds., The subaltern speak: curriculum, power, and educational struggles, New York: Routledge, 2006 Google Scholar.

91 Küchler, Susanne, ‘Materials and design’, in Alison Clarke, ed., The anthropology of design, Vienna: Springer, 2010, p. 125 Google Scholar; Miller, Daniel, ‘Materiality: an introduction’, in Daniel Miller, ed., Materiality, Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 2005, pp. 1–50 Google Scholar; Küchler, Susanne, ‘Materiality and cognition: the changing face of things’, in Miller, Materiality, pp. 206–230 Google Scholar.

92 Latour, Bruno, ‘When things strike back: a possible contribution of “science studies” to the social sciences’, British Journal of Sociology, 51, 1, 2000, pp. 107–123 Google Scholar; Wieser, Matthias, Das Netzwerk von Bruno Latour: die Akteur-Netzwerk-Theorie zwischen Science & Technology Studies und Poststrukturalistischer Soziologie, Bielefeld: transcript, 2012 Google Scholar. Approaches from actor–network theory to the ‘ontological turn’ are increasingly contributing to a reconceptualization of the relationship between human and non-human entities as not only symmetric but also symbiotic. For a summary of the debate, see Chua, Liana and Elliot, Mark, ‘Introduction: adventures in the art nexus’, in Liana Chua and Mark Elliot, eds., Distributed objects: meaning and mattering after Alfred Gell, New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2013, p. 10 Google Scholar. On the early phase of the ontological turn, see Henare, Amiria, Holbraad, Martin, and Wastell, Sari, ‘Introduction: thinking through things’, in Amiria Henare, Martin Holbraad, and Sari Wastell, eds., Thinking through things: theorising artefacts ethnographically, London and New York: Routledge, 2007, p. 2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

93 On historiography and empire, see Friedrichs, Anne, Das Empire als Aufgabe des Historikers: Historiographie in imperialen Nationalstaaten, Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag, 2011 Google Scholar. On historiography and nationalism, see, for instance, Berger, Stefan, Donovan, Mark, and Passmore, Kevin, eds., Writing national histories: western Europe since 1800, New York: Routledge, 1999 Google Scholar.

94 Osterhammel, Jürgen, ‘Globalifizierung: Denkfiguren der neuen Welt’, Zeitschrift für Ideengeschichte, 9, 1, 2015, p. 12 Google Scholar.

For a similar critique, see Dommann, ‘Alles fließt’, p. 531. For an example of one such usage – ‘the uncertainties and obstructions in the circulation of knowledge’ – see Maxine Berg, ‘Useful knowledge, “industrial enlightenment”, and the place of India’, Journal of Global History, 8, 1, 2013, p. 119.

95 Sarasin and Kilcher, ‘Editorial’, p. 7. On celebratory rhetoric, mobility, and liquidity, see also Osterhammel, Jürgen, ‘Global history and historical sociology: global history’s need for theory’, in James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham, eds., The prospect of global history, New York: Oxford University Press, 2016, pp. 38–39 Google Scholar.

96 For this argument, see Osterhammel, ‘Globalifizierung’, p. 13.

97 For reflections on how the role of the heart as central pulse generator opened the metaphor of circulation to include any entity ruled by authorities, see Marek, Roman, ‘Creativity meets circulation: internet videos, amateurs and the process of evolution’, in Gerhard Fischer and Florian Vassen, eds., Collective creativity: collaborative work in the sciences, literature and the arts, Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi, 2011, p. 210 Google Scholar.

98 Nicholas Purcell, ‘Unnecessary dependences: illustrating circulation in pre-modern large-scale history’, in Belich, et al., Prospect of global history, p. 73.

99 Hicks, Daniel J. and Stapleford, Thomas A., ‘The virtues of scientific practice: MacIntyre, virtue, ethics, and the historiography of science’, Isis, 107, 3, 2016, p. 452 Google Scholar.

100 Rockefeller, ‘Flow’, p. 559. Jürgen Osterhammel, too, has argued that ‘the idiom of flows and interaction diverts attention away from settled units such as local communities or nation-states’. See Osterhammel, ‘Globalizations’, p. 94, and ‘Global history and historical sociology’, pp. 38–9.

101 Sarasin and Kilcher, ‘Editorial’, p. 10, write that ‘circulation’ as it is used in the history of knowledge refuses to comply with the idea that ‘knowledge has a recognizable origin and point of departure’ (‘widersetzt sich der wissensgeschichtliche Begriff der Zirkulation … der Vorstellung, es gäbe einen identifizierbaren Anfang und Ausgangspunkt von Wissen’).

102 Hazareesingh, Sandip, ‘Interconnected synchronicities: the production of Bombay and Glasgow as modern global ports c.1850–1880’, Journal of Global History, 4, 1, 2009, p. 11 Google Scholar.

103 Jankiewicz, Stephen, ‘Orientalists in love: intimacy, empire, and cross-cultural knowledge’, Journal of World History, 23, 1, 2012, p. 248 Google Scholar.

104 According to Foucault, power ought to be ‘analyzed as something that circulates, or rather as something that functions only when it is part of a chain. It is never localized here or there, it is never in the hands of some, and it is never appropriated’. Foucault, Michel, Society must be defended: lectures at the Collège de France, 1975–76, London: Penguin Books, 2008, p. 29 Google Scholar, cited in Painter, Joe, ‘Geographies of space and power’, in Kevin R. Cox, Murray Low, and Jennifer Robinson, eds., The SAGE handbook of political geography, London: SAGE, p. 66 Google Scholar.

105 Patterson Giersch, C., ‘Cotton, copper, and caravans: trade and the transformation of southwest China’, in Eric Tagliacozzo and Wen-Chin Chang, eds., Circulations: capital, commodities, and networks in Southeast Asia, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011, p. 39 Google Scholar.

106 DaCosta Kaufmann, Dossin, and Joyeux-Prunel, ‘Introduction’, p. 2.

107 Roberts, ‘Situating science in global history’, p. 18.

108 Secord, ‘Knowledge in transit’, p. 661. For an application of these conceptual considerations, see Davids, Karel, ‘Dutch and Spanish global networks of knowledge in the early modern period: structures, connections, changes’, in Lissa Roberts, ed., Centres and cycles of accumulation in and around the Netherlands during the early modern period, Zürich: LIT, 2011, p. 31 Google Scholar.

109 Bauman, Zygmunt, Liquid modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000, p. 1 Google Scholar.

110 Rockefeller, ‘Flow’, p. 562.

111 Bauman, Liquid modernity, p. 2.

112 Appadurai, Arjun, Modernity at large: cultural dimensions of globalization, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996, pp. 4 Google Scholar and 28.

For a discussion of the literature in relation to its stance on ‘placelessness’, deterritorialization, and ‘liquidity’, see Rockefeller, ‘Flow’, pp. 562–5.

113 Osterhammel, ‘Globalizations’, p. 90.

114 Sumiala, Johanna, ‘Circulation’, in David Morgan, ed., Key words in religion, media and culture, New York: Routledge, pp. 44–45 Google Scholar.

115 Osterhammel, ‘Globalizations’, p. 100.

116 Dear, ‘Historiography’, p. 204.

117 Osterhammel, ‘Globalizations’, p.100.

118 Rockefeller, ‘Flow’, p. 557.

119 Taylor, Joseph E., ‘Boundary terminology’, Environmental History, 13, 3, 2008, p. 455 Google Scholar.

120 Cooper, ‘What is the concept of globalization good for?’, p. 213.