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Evolution of Nb oxide nanoprecipitates in Cu during reactive mechanical alloying

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2020

Qun Li Open the ORCID record for Qun Li [Opens in a new window] ,
Xuekun Shang ,
Blanka Janicek ,
Pinshane Y. Huang ,
Pascal Bellon  and
Robert S. Averback
Qun Li*
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, USA
Xuekun Shang*
Affiliation:
Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Blanka Janicek
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, USA
Pinshane Y. Huang
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, USA
Pascal Bellon
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, USA
Robert S. Averback
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, USA
*
a)Address all correspondence to these authors. e-mail: qunli2@illinois.edu
b)e-mail: xkshang0518@outlook.com
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Abstract

Microstructural evolution of Cu–Nb oxide nanocomposite alloys during ball milling is investigated using a two-step ball-milling approach. In the first step, Cu and Nb powders are milled to create a two-phase alloy comprising a Cu-rich matrix containing a high density of 20- to 30-nm Nb precipitates. In the second step, this nanocomposite is co-milled with CuO, resulting in the reduction of CuO and the oxidation of the Nb nanoprecipitates. Transmission electron microscopy characterization shows that three distinct types of Nb oxide precipitates evolve at different levels of strain. First, nanocrystalline NbO particles (∼10 nm) are formed by dissolved Nb in Cu reacting with oxygen evolved from the CuO. Next, the Nb nanoprecipitates in Cu further reduce CuO to form Nb/Nb oxide and NbO/Nb oxide core–shell inclusions (20–30 nm). These inclusions coalesce during additional milling to form amorphous Nb oxide agglomerates (>700 nm after 50 h). The growth of Nb precipitates during step-one milling, the initial growth of NbO nanoparticles, and the formation of core–shell Nb oxide precipitates during step-two milling are attributed to the convective transport of atoms and clusters combined with shear-induced agglomeration.

Keywords

reactive ball millingmechanical alloyingnanostructure
Type
Article
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 35 , Issue 1: Focus Section: Advances in Battery Technology: Material Innovations in Design and Fabrication , 14 January 2020 , pp. 98 - 111
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2020 

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