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Mechanisms of Ti nanocluster formation by inert gas condensation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 September 2013

Ahmad I. Ayesh ,
Haya A. Ahmed ,
Falah Awwad ,
Samir I. Abu-Eishah  and
Saleh T. Mahmood
Ahmad I. Ayesh*
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Haya A. Ahmed
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Falah Awwad
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Samir I. Abu-Eishah
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Saleh T. Mahmood
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: ayesh@uaeu.ac.ae
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Abstract

The mechanisms involved in the formation of titanium (Ti) nanoclusters produced by sputtering and inert gas condensation were investigated experimentally and numerically. Ti nanoclusters were generated inside an ultrahigh vacuum compatible system under different source parameters, i.e., inert gas flow rate (fAr), length of the aggregation region (L), and sputtering discharge power (P). Nanocluster size and yield were measured using a quadrupole mass filter (QMF). The variation of the above source parameters enabled fine-tuning of the nanocluster size and yield. Herein, Ti nanoclusters were produced within the size range 3.0–10.0 nm. The combination between the nanocluster size and yield as a function of source parameters enabled understanding Ti nanocluster formation mechanisms, i.e., three-body and two-body collisions. The results show that two-body collisions dominate nanocluster production at low fAr while the three-body collisions dominate at high fAr. In addition, nanocluster size increases as L increases due to the increase in nanocluster nucleation and growth times. The maximum nanocluster yield was obtained at fAr that maximize the probability of three-body and two-body collisions. Nanoclusters could be produced within an optimum range of the sputtering discharge power wherein the nanocluster size and yield increase with increasing the discharge power as a result of increasing the amount of sputtered material. The experimental results were compared with a theoretical model of nanocluster formation via three-body collision. Detailed understanding of the evolution of size and yield of Ti (and Ti-oxide) nanoclusters is essential for producing nanoclusters that can be utilized for environmental applications such as conversion of carbon dioxide and water vapor into hydrocarbons.

Keywords

nanoscalenanostructuresputtering
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 28 , Issue 18 , 28 September 2013 , pp. 2622 - 2628
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2013 

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