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Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

Extract

This article originated in the study of one Northern Ghanaian group, the Frafras, as migrants to the urban areas of Southern Ghana. It describes the economic activities of the low-income section of the labour force in Accra, the urban sub-proletariat into which the unskilled and illiterate majority of Frafra migrants are drawn.

Price inflation, inadequate wages, and an increasing surplus to the requirements of the urban labour market have led to a high degree of informality in the income-generating activities of the sub-proletariat. Consequently income and expenditure patterns are more complex than is normally allowed for in the economic analysis of poor countries. Government planning and the effective application of economic theory in this sphere has been impeded by the unthinking transfer of western categories to the economic and social structures of African cities. The question to be answered is this: Does the ‘reserve army of urban unemployed and underemployed’ really constitute a passive, exploited majority in cities like Accra, or do their informal economic activities possess some autonomous capacity for generating growth in the incomes of the urban (and rural) poor?

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1973

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References

Page 62 note 1 Prices are given in Ghanaian pounds (£G), which, before the introduction of the Cedi and later the new Cedi, were officially at parity with the £ sterling.

Page 63 note 1 Source: Census of Population, 1960.

Page 63 note 2 Source: ibid.

Page 64 note 1 See Rimmer, Douglas, ‘Wage Politics in West Africa’, University of Birmingham, 1970.Google Scholar All three indices showed a slight upturn in real earnings for 1967–8, following an 8 per cent increase in the minimum wage.

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Page 67 note 1 The empirical basis for these statements concerning the length of stay in urban areas is contained in my unpublished Ph.D. thesis: Hart, J. K., ‘Entrepreneurs and Migrants – a study of modernisation among the Frafras of Ghana’, University of Cambridge, 1969.Google Scholar

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Page 74 note 1 A recent survey of Dakar workers produced an average dependency rate of 9·6 persons per worker; Pfefferman, G., Industrial Labor in the Republic of Senegal (New York, 1968), pp. 160–70.Google Scholar It is unlikely that up to 20 people (as reported) were supported in any permanent sense at one time by an individual wage-earner; see the reference made by Rimmer, op. cit. pp. 56–7.

Page 74 note 2 For a general review of the problem see Cloward, R. A., ‘Illegitimate Means, Anomie and Deviant Behaviour’, in American Sociological Review (Washington), xxiv, 04 1959.Google Scholar

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Page 82 note 1 See U.N.D.P./I.B.R.D., Report on Development Strategies for Papua New Guinea, 1973–8 (Port Moresby, 1972),Google Scholar for an implementation of the approach recommended here.

Page 84 note 1 See Norris, K., Jamaica: the search for identity (London, 1962), p. 40.Google Scholar

Page 86 note 1 I am grateful to John Bryden of the University of East Anglia, Norwich, for suggesting this approach, as well as for his numerous valuable comments on this article.

Page 87 note 1 Rimmer, op. cit. p. 69.

Page 87 note 2 Cf. Foster, G., ‘Peasant Society and the Image of the Limited Good’, in The American Anthropologist (Washington), II, 1965, pp. 293315Google Scholar; and Hart, K., ‘Migration and Tribal Identity among the Frafras of Ghana’, in The Journal of Asian and African Studies (Leiden), VI, 1 01 1971, pp. 2635.Google Scholar

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