Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T01:07:47.342Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Late Devonian and Early Mississippian echinoderms from central and northern Iran

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Gary D. Webster ,
Christopher G. Maples  and
Mehdi Yazdi
Gary D. Webster
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-2812,
Christopher G. Maples
Affiliation:
Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada 89512,
Mehdi Yazdi
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran,
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

New Devonian (Frasnian and Famennian) crinoids are described from central and eastern Iran and a new Mississippian (late Tournaisian) echinoderm fauna is described from the south flank of the Alborz Mountains of northern Iran. Both the Devonian and Mississippian echinoderms were living in a carbonate shelf basin on the northern flank of Gondwana at approximately 30° south latitude.

The geographic ranges of Hexacrinites and Eutaxocrinus are extended onto the northern margin of Gondwana and add to the sparsely known Famennian crinoids. The Mississippian fauna is dominated numerically and in diversity by cladids, unlike most late Tournaisian faunas that are dominated by camerates in numbers, if not diversity. The late Tournaisian fauna is most similar to a coeval fauna from southern Iran, both of which have a noted lack of actinocrinitids and rare platycrinitids. It also shows similarity with Tournaisian faunas of western North America with four common genera.

New species introduced are: Hexacrinites persiaensis, Eutaxocrinus risehensis, Dichocrinus damghanensis, Amabilicrinus stellatus, Bridgerocrinus alborzensis, Bridgerocrinus semnanensis, Paracosmetocrinus mobarakensis, Decadocrinus clypeus, and Palaechinus iranensis.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 81 , Issue 5 , September 2007 , pp. 1101 - 1113
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alavi Naini, M. 1972. Etude géologique de la region de Djam. Geological Survey of Iran, Report No. 23, 288 p.Google Scholar
Angelin, N. P. 1878. Iconographia Crinoideorum: In Stratis Sueciae Siluricis Fossilium. Samson and Wallin, Holmiae, 62 p., 29 pls. Google Scholar
Assereto, R. 1963. The Paleozoic formations in Central Elburz (Iran), preliminary note. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 69:505–543.Google Scholar
Ausich, W. I. 1998. Phylogeny of Arenig to Caradoc crinoids (phylum Echinodermata) and suprageneric classification of the Crinoidea. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, n. s., 9:1–36.Google Scholar
Ausich, W. I. 2003. Lower Mississippian crinoid (Echinodermata) fauna from Utah County, Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 77(1):139–145.Google Scholar
Ausich, W. I. and Sevastopulo, G. D. 2001. The Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian) crinoids from Hook Head, County Wexford, Ireland. Palaeontological Society Monograph, 216:1–136, 13 pls.; supplement 1:1–34; supplement 2: 1–11.Google Scholar
Austin, T. and Austin, T. 1843. A monograph on Recent and fossil Crinoidea, with figures and descriptions of some Recent and fossil allied genera. 1–2:1–32, pls. 1–4, frontispiece. London.Google Scholar
Bailey, E. B., Jones, R. C. B., and Asfia, S. 1948: Notes on the geology of the Elburz Mountains, north-east of Tehran, Iran. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 115:1–42.Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. and Moodey, M. W. 1943. Bibliographic and faunal index of Paleozoic pelmatozoan echinoderms. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 45, 734 p.Google Scholar
Bather, F. A. 1890. British fossil crinoids. II. The classification of the Inadunata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 6, 5:310–334, 373–388, 485–486.Google Scholar
Bather, F. A. 1899. A phylogenetic classification of the Pelmatozoa. British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1898:916–923.Google Scholar
Branson, E. B. and Mehl, M. G. 1934. Conodont studies no. 3. Conodonts from the Grassy Creek Shale of Missouri. Missouri University Studies, 8(3):171–259.Google Scholar
Broadhead, T. W. 1981. Carboniferous camerate crinoid subfamily, Dichocrininae. Palaeontographica, Abt. A, 176:81–157, 15 pls.Google Scholar
Chen, Z-T. and Yao, J-H. 1993. Palaeozoic echinoderm fossils of western Yunnan, China. Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 102 p., 16 pls. Google Scholar
Cooper, C. L. 1939. Conodonts from a Bushberg-Hannibal horizon in Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, 13:379–422.Google Scholar
Dastanpour, M. 1996. The Devonian system in Iran: A review. Geological Magazine, 133:159–170.Google Scholar
De Koninck, L. G. and Le Hon, H. 1854. Recherches sur les crinoides du terrain carbonifere de la Belgique. Academie Royal de Belgique Memoir, 28(3):1–215, 7 pls.Google Scholar
Druce, E. C. 1969. Devonian and Carboniferous conodonts from the Bonaparte Gulf Basin, northern Australia, and their use in international correlation. Australia Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics Bulletin, 98:1–158.Google Scholar
Eichwald, C. E. D' (Eduard Von). 1860–1868. Lethaea rossica ou paléontologie de la Russie, 1, Premiére section de l'ancienne periode, Pt. 1: 1–681, 59 pls.; Atlas, Ancienne période, pls. 1–59 (1860); Moyenne période, pls. 1–40 (1868); Période moderne, pls. 1–14 (1860), E. Schwiezerbart (Stuttgart).Google Scholar
Flügel, H. W. 1966. Iranoblastus, a new Lower Carboniferous blastoid from Iran. Geological Survey of Iran Report, 6(3):55–57.Google Scholar
Gholamalian, H. 2003. Age-implications of Late Devonian conodonts from the Chah-Riseh area, northeast of Esfahan, central Iran. Courier Forschungensinstitut Senckenberg, 245:201–207.Google Scholar
Goldring, W. 1923. The Devonian crinoids of the state of New York. New York State Museum Memoir, 16:1–670, 60 pls.Google Scholar
Golonka, J. 2002. Plate-tectonic maps of the Phanerozoic. SEPM Special Publication, 72:21–75.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1858. Palaeontology of Iowa. In Hall, J. and Whitney, J. W., Report of the Geological Survey of the state of Iowa: Embracing the results of investigations made during portions of the years 1855, 56 & 57. Palaeontology, 1(II):473–724, 29 pls. Google Scholar
Haeckel, E. H. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Allgemeine Grundzüge der Organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, Mechanisch Begründet Durch die von Charles Darwin Reformirte Descendenztheorie. G. Reimer, Berlin, 2 vols., 720 p.Google Scholar
Hauser, J. 1997. Die Crinoiden des Mittel-Devon der Eifler Kalkmulden. Privately published by author, 273 p., 76 pls. Google Scholar
Hauser, J. 1999. Die Crinoiden der Frasnes-Stufe (Oberdevon) vom Südrand der Dinant Mulde (Belgische und Französische Ardennen). Privately published by author, 156 p., 38 pls. Google Scholar
Hauser, J. 2001. Neubeschreibung Mitteldevonischer Eifelcrinoiden aus der Sammlung Schultze (Museum of Comparative Zoology, The Agassiz Museum, Harvard University, Massachusetts, USA) Nebst einer Zusammenstellung der Eifelcrinoiden (Holotypen) der Goldfuss-Sammlung. Privately published, Bonn, 86 p.Google Scholar
Hauser, J. 2002. Oberdevonische Echinodermen aus den Dolomit-Steinbrüchen von Wallersheim-Loch (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Prümer Mulde; Eifel). Privately published, Bonn, 70 p., 15 pls. Google Scholar
Hauser, J. 2003. Über Jaekelicrinus und Andere Crinoiden aus dem Frasnium (Oberdevon) vom Südrand der Dinant Mulde (Ardennen, Belgien). Privately published, Bonn, 59 p., 10 pls. Google Scholar
Hauser, J. 2004. Zwei Neue Hexacriniten (Echinodermata; Crinoidea) von der Rammersheimer Trasse in der Prümer Mulde und Revision Einiger Hexacriniten der Schultze-Sammlung (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge; Mitteldevonk Eifel, p. 23–38). Neue Crinoiden (Echinodermata) aus dem Mitteldevon der Eifelkalkimulden. Privately published, Bonn, 53 p., 2 pls. Google Scholar
Jackson, R. T. 1929. Palaeozoic Echini of Belgium. Mémoires du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 38:1–96.Google Scholar
Kammer, T. W., Ausich, W. I., and Lane, N. G. 1983. Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Borden Delta of southern Indiana and northern Kentucky (Field Trip 2, p. 37–71). In Shaver, R. H. and Sunderman, J. A. (eds.), Field trips in Midwestern geology. Indiana Geological Survey, 1.Google Scholar
Kier, P. M. and Lawson, M. H. 1978. Index of living and fossil echinoids 1924–1970. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, Number 34, 182 p.Google Scholar
Kirk, E. 1940. Seven new genera of Carboniferous Crinoidea Inadunata. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 30:321–334.Google Scholar
Kirk, E. 1946. Plemnocrinus, a new crinoid genus from the Lower Mississippian. Journal of Paleontology, 20:435–441.Google Scholar
Lane, N. G., Maples, C. G., and Waters, J. A. 2001a. Revision of Late Devonian (Famennian) and some Early Carboniferous (Tournaisian) crinoids and blastoids from the type Devonian area of North Devon. Palaeontology, 44:1043–1080.Google Scholar
Lane, N. G., Maples, C. G., and Waters, J. A. 2001b. Revision of Strunian crinoids and blastoids from Germany. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 75(2):233–252.Google Scholar
Lane, N. G., Waters, J. A., and Maples, C. G. 1997. Echinoderm faunas of the Hongguleleng Formation, Late Devonian (Famennian), Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. Journal of Paleontology Memoir, 71 (supplement to no. 2), 43 p.Google Scholar
Laudon, L. R., Parks, J. M., and Spreng, A. C. 1952. Mississippian crinoid fauna from the Banff Formation, Sunwapta Pass, Alberta. Journal of Paleontology, 26:544–575.Google Scholar
Laudon, L. R. and Severson, J. L. 1953. New crinoid fauna, Mississippian, Lodgepole Formation, Montana. Journal of Paleontology, 27:505–536.Google Scholar
Le Menn, J. 1975. Un nouveau genre d'Hexacrinitidae (Crinoidea, Camerata). Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord, 95:243–250, pls. 22, 23.Google Scholar
Leske, N. G. 1778. Jacobi Theodori Klein Naturalis Dispositio Echinodermatum. Edita et Descriptionibus Novisque Inventis et Synonomis Auctorem Aucta. Leipzig, 278 p., 54 pls. Google Scholar
Marsh, O. C. 1889. Notice of gigantic horned Dinosouria from the Cretaceous. American Journal of Science, ser. 3, 38:173–175.Google Scholar
McIntosh, G. C. 2001. Devonian cladid crinoids: Families Glossocrinidae Goldring, 1923, and Rutkowskicrinidae new family. Journal of Paleontology, 75:783–807.Google Scholar
M'Coy, F. 1844. A Synopsis of the Characters of the Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of Ireland. University Press, Dublin, 274 p., 29 pls. Google Scholar
M'Coy, F. 1849. On some new Palaeozoic Echinodermata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2, 3:244–254.Google Scholar
Meek, F. B. 1872. Preliminary list of the fossils collected by Dr. Hayden's exploring expedition of 1871, in Utah and Wyoming territories, with descriptions of a few new species, p. 373–377. In Hayden, F. V., Preliminary report of the U.S. Geological Survey of Montana and portions of adjacent territories, preliminary report (fifth annual) (1871).Google Scholar
Meek, F. B. and Worthen, A. H. 1860. Descriptions of new species of crinoidea and echinoidea from the Carboniferous rocks of Illinois, and other western states. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 12:379–397.Google Scholar
Miller, J. S. 1821. A Natural History of the Crinoidea, or Lily-Shaped Animals; with Observations on the Genera, Asteria, Euryale, Comatula and Marsupites . Bryan, Bristol, England, 150 p., numerous unnumbered pls.Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. 1889. North American Geology and Paleontology. Western Methodist Book Concern, Cincinnati, Ohio, 664 p.Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. and Gurley, W. F. E. 1890. Description of some new genera and species of Echinodermata from the coal measures and subcarboniferous rocks of Indiana, Missouri, and Iowa. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 13(1):1–25, pls. 1–4.Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. and Gurley, W. F. E. 1896. New species of Echinodermata and a new crustacean from the Palaeozoic rocks. Illinois State Museum Bulletin, 10:1–91, 5 pls.Google Scholar
Moore, R. C. (ed.). 1966. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. U, Echinodermata 3, Asterozoa-Echinozoa: 2 vols. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Lawrence, 695 p.Google Scholar
Moore, R. C. and Laudon, L. R. 1943. Evolution and classification of Paleozoic crinoids. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 46:1–151, 14 pls.Google Scholar
Moore, R. C. and Teichert, C. (eds.). 1978. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. T, Echinodermata 2, Crinoidea: 3 vols. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Lawrence, 1,027 p.Google Scholar
Morris, J. 1843. A Catalogue of British Fossils. Comprising All the Genera and Species Hitherto Described; with Reference to their Geological Distribution and to the Localities in which they have been found (first edition). John Van Voorst, London, 222 p.Google Scholar
Müller, J. 1856. Über Neue Crinoiden aus dem Eifeler Kalk. Koniglich Akademie der Wissenschaft Berlin, Monatsbericht, p. 353–356.Google Scholar
Münster, G. G. 1839–1846. Beschreibung einiger neuen Crinoideen aus der Uebergangs-formation. Beitrage zur Petrefacten-Kunde, 7 vols. (Crinoids, 1:31–34, pls. 1, 16).Google Scholar
Phillips, J. 1836. Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire, or a Description of the Strata and Organic Remains, Pt. 2, The Mountain Limestone districts (second edition). John Murray, London, p. 203–208, pls. 3, 4.Google Scholar
Rhodes, F. T. H., Austin, R. L., and Druce, E. C. 1969. British Avonian (Carboniferous) conodont faunas and their value in local and international correlation. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 5:1–311.Google Scholar
Ruttner, A. and Stöcklin, J. 1966. Forward, with key map, stratigraphy summary and description of fossil-localities. Geological Survey of Iran Report, 6:2–6.Google Scholar
Schmidt, W. E. 1930. Die Echinodermen des deutschen Unterkarbons. Abhandlungen der Preussichen Geologischen Landesanstalt, n. s., 122(1):192, 3 pls. Google Scholar
Simms, M. J. and Sevastopulo, G. D. 1993. The origin of articulate crinoids. Palaeontology, 36:91–109.Google Scholar
Springer, F. 1906. Discovery of the disk of Onychocrinus and further remarks on the Crinoidea Flexibilia. Journal of Geology, 14:467–523.Google Scholar
Springer, F. 1913. Crinoidea, p. 173–243. In von Zittel, K. A., Text-Book of Paleontology (translated and edited by Eastman, C. R.; second edition). Macmillan, London, 1.Google Scholar
Springer, F. 1920. The Crinoidea Flexibilia. Smithsonian Institution Publication 2501, 1:1–486, 2:1–76, pls. a–c.Google Scholar
Stepanov, D. L. 1967. Carboniferous stratigraphy of Iran. 6th International Congress on Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology (Sheffield), 4:1505–1518.Google Scholar
Stöcklin, J., Eftekhar-Nezhad, J., and Hushmand-Zadeh, A. 1965 (reprinted 1991). Geology of the Shotori Range (Tabas area, East Iran). Geological Survey of Iran, Report 3:1–69.Google Scholar
Strimple, H. L. 1952. Some new species of crinoids from the Henryhouse Formation of Oklahoma. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 42:75–79.Google Scholar
Strimple, H. L. 1963. Crinoids of the Hunton Group. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin, 100:1–169, 12 pls.Google Scholar
Strimple, H. L. 1967. Aphelecrinidae, a new family of inadunate crinoids. Oklahoma Geology Notes, 27:81–85.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. and Bassler, R. S. 1926. A classification of the toothlike fossils, conodonts, with descriptions of American Devonian and Mississippian species. United States National Museum Proceedings, 68, art. 12(2613):1–63.Google Scholar
Vachard, D. 1997. Carboniferous of Iran, p. 491–521. In Wagner, R. H., Winkler Prins, C. F., and Grtnados, L. F. (eds.), Carboniferous of the World. III. The former USSR, Mongolia, Middle Eastern Platform, Afghanistan and Iran. International Union of Geological Sciences, Publication 33.Google Scholar
Wachsmuth, C. and Springer, F. 1880. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pt. I, The families Ichthyocrinidae and Cyathocrinidae (1880), p. 226–378, pls. 15–17.Google Scholar
Wachsmuth, C. and Springer, F. 1897. The North American Crinoidea Camerata. Harvard College Museum of Comparative Zoology Memoir, 20:1–359; 21:360–897; atlas, 83 pls.Google Scholar
Waters, J. A., Maples, C. G., Lane, N. G., Marcus, S., Liao, Z-T., Liu, L., Hou, H-F., and Wang, J-X. 2003. A quadrupling of Famennian pelmatozoan diversity: New Late Devonian blastoids and crinoids from northwest China. Journal of Paleontology, 77(5):922–948.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1974. Crinoid pluricolumnal noditaxis patterns. Journal of Paleontology, 48:1283–1288.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1990. New Permian crinoids from Australia. Palaeontology, 33:49–73, 3 pls.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1997. Lower Carboniferous echinoderms from northern Utah and western Wyoming. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin, 128, Paleontology Series, 1:1–65.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 2003. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids, coronates, and hemistreptocrinoids, 1758–1999. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 363, 2,335 p. GSA website: http://crinoid.gsajournals.org/crinoidmed/.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. and Jell, P. A. 1999. New Carboniferous crinoids from eastern Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43(1):237–278.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. and Lane, N. G. In press. New Permian crinoids from the Battleship Wash patch reef in southern Nevada. Journal of Paleontology.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. and Maples, C. G. 2006. Cladid crinoid (Echinodermata) anal conditions: A terminology problem and proposed solution. Palaeontology, 49:1–26.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D., Maples, C. G., Mawson, R., and Dastanpour, M. 2003. A cladid-dominated Early Mississippian crinoid and conodont fauna from Kerman Province, Iran and revision of the glossocrinids and rhenocrinids. Journal of Paleontology Memoir, 60, 77(supplement to no. 3), 35 p.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D., Maples, C. G., Sevastopulo, G. D., Frest, T., and Waters, J. A. 2004. Carboniferous (Viséan–Moscovian) echinoderms from the Béchar Basin area of western Algeria. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 368:1–111.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D., Yazdi, M., Dastanpour, M., and Maples, C. 2001. Preliminary analysis of Devonian and Carboniferous crinoids and blastoids from Iran. Travaux de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Série Géologie et Géographie Physique (2000), 20:108–115.Google Scholar
Weddige, K. 1984. Zur stratigraphy und palaeographic des Devons und Carbons von NE-Iran. Senckenbergiana Lethaea, 63:179–223.Google Scholar
Willink, R. J. 1980. Two new camerate crinoid species from the Permian of eastern Australia. Alcheringa, 4:227–232.Google Scholar
Wright, J. 1950–1960. The British Carboniferous Crinoidea. Palaeontographical Society, Monograph, 1(1):1–24, pls. 1–7, 1950; 1(2):25–46, pls. 8–12, 1951a; 1(3):47–102, pls. 13–31, 1951b; 1(4):103–148, pls. 32–40, 1952a; 1(5):149–190, pls. 41–47, 1954a; 2(1):191–254, pls. 48–63, 1955a; 2(2):255–272, pls. 64–67, 1955b; 2(3):273–306, pls. 68–75, 1956b; 2(4):307–328, pls. 76–81, 1958; 2(5):329–347, pls. a, b, 1960 (with W. H. C. Ramsbottom).Google Scholar
Yazdi, M. 1996. Late Devonian—Carboniferous conodont biostratigraphy of the Tabas area. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, 200 p.Google Scholar
Yazdi, M. 1999. Late Devonian–Carboniferous conodonts from eastern Iran. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 105:167–200.Google Scholar
Yazdi, M. 2001. Late Devonian faunal events and sea level changes in east and central Iran: Correlation with global patterns of change. Historical Biology, 15:83–89.Google Scholar