Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-p566r Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T21:21:48.146Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Onset of fast magnetic reconnection and particle energization in laboratory and space plasmas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2020

F. Pucci*
Affiliation:
LASP, University of Colorado Boulder, 1234 Innovation Dr, Boulder, CO80303, USA International Research Collaboration Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Tokyo105-0001, Japan
M. Velli
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles, 595 Charles E Young Dr E, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
C. Shi
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles, 595 Charles E Young Dr E, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
K. A. P. Singh
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi221005, India Astronomical Observatory, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Yamashina, Kyoto607-8471, Japan
A. Tenerani
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, TX78712, USA
F. Alladio
Affiliation:
FSN Department, Centro Ricerche ENEA di Frascati, 45, Via E. Fermi, I-00044Frascati, Italy
F. Ambrosino
Affiliation:
National Institute for Astrophysics-Astronomical Observatory of Rome, Via Frascati 33, I-00078Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy National Institute for Astrophysics-Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133Rome, Italy Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185Rome, Italy
P. Buratti
Affiliation:
FSN Department, Centro Ricerche ENEA di Frascati, 45, Via E. Fermi, I-00044Frascati, Italy
W. Fox
Affiliation:
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, 08543-0451, New Jersey, USA
J. Jara-Almonte
Affiliation:
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, 08543-0451, New Jersey, USA
H. Ji
Affiliation:
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, 08543-0451, New Jersey, USA
M. Yamada
Affiliation:
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, 08543-0451, New Jersey, USA
J. Yoo
Affiliation:
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, 08543-0451, New Jersey, USA
S. Okamura
Affiliation:
International Research Collaboration Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Tokyo105-0001, Japan
R. Ergun
Affiliation:
LASP, University of Colorado Boulder, 1234 Innovation Dr, Boulder, CO80303, USA
S. Hoilijoki
Affiliation:
LASP, University of Colorado Boulder, 1234 Innovation Dr, Boulder, CO80303, USA
S. Schwartz
Affiliation:
LASP, University of Colorado Boulder, 1234 Innovation Dr, Boulder, CO80303, USA
*
Email address for correspondence: fulvia.pucci87@gmail.com

Abstract

The onset of magnetic reconnection in space, astrophysical and laboratory plasmas is reviewed discussing results from theory, numerical simulations and observations. After a brief introduction on magnetic reconnection and approach to the question of onset, we first discuss recent theoretical models and numerical simulations, followed by observations of reconnection and its effects in space and astrophysical plasmas from satellites and ground-based detectors, as well as measurements of reconnection in laboratory plasma experiments. Mechanisms allowing reconnection spanning from collisional resistivity to kinetic effects as well as partial ionization are described, providing a description valid over a wide range of plasma parameters, and therefore applicable in principle to many different astrophysical and laboratory environments. Finally, we summarize the implications of reconnection onset physics for plasma dynamics throughout the Universe and illustrate how capturing the dynamics correctly is important to understanding particle acceleration. The goal of this review is to give a view on the present status of this topic and future interesting investigations, offering a unified approach.

Type
Review Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alfvén, H. 1960 Cosmical electrodynamics. Am. J. Phys. 28 (7), 613618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alladio, F., Costa, P., Mancuso, A., Micozzi, P., Papastergiou, S. & Rogier, F. 2006 Design of the PROTO-SPHERA experiment and of its first step (MULTI-PINCH). Nucl. Fusion 46, S613S624.10.1088/0029-5515/46/8/S07CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alpar, M. A., Cheng, A. F., Ruderman, M. A. & Shaham, J. 1982 A new class of radio pulsars. Nature 300 (5894), 728730.Google Scholar
Ambrosino, F., Papitto, A., Stella, L., Meddi, F., Cretaro, P., Burderi, L., Di Salvo, T., Israel, G. L., Ghedina, A., Di Fabrizio, L., et al. 2017 Optical pulsations from a transitional millisecond pulsar. Nat. Astron. 1, 854858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, N. 2012 Resistive relativistic magnetohydrodynamics from a charged multifluids perspective. Phys. Rev. D 86 (4), 043002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angelopoulos, V., Runov, A., Zhou, X. Z., Turner, D. L., Kiehas, S. A., Li, S. S. & Shinohara, I. 2013 Electromagnetic energy conversion at reconnection fronts. Science 341 (6153), 14781482.Google ScholarPubMed
Antiochos, S. K., DeVore, C. R. & Klimchuk, J. A. 1999 A model for solar coronal mass ejections. Astrophys. J. 510 (1), 485493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arber, T. D., Botha, G. J. J. & Brady, C. S. 2009 Effect of solar chromospheric neutrals on equilibrium field structures. Astrophys. J. 705 (2), 11831188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axford, W. I. 1969 Magnetospheric convection. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 7, 421459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baalrud, S. D., Bhattacharjee, A. & Daughton, W. 2018 Collisionless kinetic theory of oblique tearing instabilities. Phys. Plasmas 25 (2), 022115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baalrud, S. D., Bhattacharjee, A. & Huang, Y.-M. 2012 Reduced magnetohydrodynamic theory of oblique plasmoid instabilities. Phys. Plasmas 19 (2), 022101.Google Scholar
Bale, S. D., Badman, S. T., Bonnell, J. W., Bowen, T. A., Burgess, D., Case, A. W., Cattell, C. A., Chandran, B. D. G., Chaston, C. C., Chen, C. H. K., et al. 2019 Highly structured slow solar wind emerging from an equatorial coronal hole. Nature 576 (7786), 237242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bale, S. D., Goetz, K., Harvey, P. R., Turin, P., Bonnell, J. W., Dudok de Wit, T., Ergun, R. E., MacDowall, R. J., Pulupa, M., Andre, M., et al. 2016 The FIELDS instrument suite for solar probe plus. Measuring the coronal plasma and magnetic field, plasma waves and turbulence, and radio signatures of solar transients. Space Sci. Rev. 204 (1–4), 4982.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bekenstein, J. D. & Oron, E. 1978 New conservation laws in general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics. Phys. Rev. D 18 (6), 18091819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessho, N. & Bhattacharjee, A. 2014 Instability of the current sheet in the Earth's magnetotail with normal magnetic field. Phys. Plasmas 21 (10), 102905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharjee, A., Huang, Y.-M., Yang, H. & Rogers, B. 2009 Fast reconnection in high-Lundquist-number plasmas due to the plasmoid instability. Phys. Plasmas 16 (11), 112102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharjee, A., Sullivan, B. & Huang, Y. 2010 Current sheet formation and the plasmoid instability in large, hyperresistive Hall MHD systems. In APS Division of Plasma Physics Meeting Abstracts, APS Meeting Abstracts, vol. 52, p. CP9.133.Google Scholar
Birn, J., Drake, J. F., Shay, M. A., Rogers, B. N., Denton, R. E., Hesse, M., Kuznetsova, M., Ma, Z. W., Bhattacharjee, A., Otto, A., et al. 2001 Geospace Environmental Modeling (GEM) magnetic reconnection challenge. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (A3), 37153720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birn, J. & Schindler, K. 1983 Self-consistent theory of three-dimensional convection in the geomagnetic tail. J. Geophys. Res. 88 (A9), 69696980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birn, J. & Schindler, K. 2002 Thin current sheets in the magnetotail and the loss of equilibrium. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (A7), SMP 18–1SMP 18–10.Google Scholar
Biskamp, D. 1986 Magnetic reconnection via current sheets (invited paper). In Magnetic Reconnection and Turbulence (ed. M. A. Dubois, D. Grésellon & M. N. Bussac), p. 19.Google Scholar
Biskamp, D. 2003 Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO978051153 5222.Google Scholar
Borg, A. L., Øieroset, M., Phan, T. D., Mozer, F. S., Pedersen, A., Mouikis, C., McFadden, J. P., Twitty, C., Balogh, A. & Rème, H. 2005 Cluster encounter of a magnetic reconnection diffusion region in the near-Earth magnetotail on September 19, 2003. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (19), L19105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borovsky, J. E., Elphic, R. C., Funsten, H. O., Thomsen, M. F., 1997 The Earth's plasma sheet as a laboratory for flow turbulence in high-$\beta$ MHD. Phys. Plasmas. 57, 134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braginskii, S. I. 1965 Transport processes in a plasma. Rev. Plasma Phys. 1, 205.Google Scholar
Brandenburg, A. & Zweibel, E. G. 1994 The formation of sharp structures by ambipolar diffusion. Astrophys. J. 427, L91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burch, J. L., Moore, T. E., Torbert, R. B. & Giles, B. L. 2016 Magnetospheric Multiscale overview and science objectives. Space Sci. Rev. 199 (1–4), 521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burch, J. L. & Phan, T. D. 2016 Magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause: advances with MMS. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43 (16), 83278338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burch, J. L., Torbert, R. B., Phan, T. D., Chen, L.-J., Moore, T. E., Ergun, R. E., Eastwood, J. P., Gershman, D. J., Cassak, P. A., Argall, M. R., et al. 2016 Electron-scale measurements of magnetic reconnection in space. Science 352 (6290), 11761177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cai, H. J. & Lee, L. C. 1997 The generalized Ohm's law in collisionless magnetic reconnection. Phys. Plasmas 4 (3), 509520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campana, S., Coti Zelati, F., Papitto, A., Rea, N., Torres, D. F., Baglio, M. C. & D'Avanzo, P. 2016 A physical scenario for the high and low X-ray luminosity states in the transitional pulsar PSR J1023$+$0038. Astron. Astrophys. 594, A31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cao, D., Fu, H. S., Cao, J. B., Wang, T. Y., Graham, D. B., Chen, Z. Z., Peng, F. Z., Huang, S. Y., Khotyaintsev, Y. V., André, M., et al. 2017 MMS observations of whistler waves in electron diffusion region. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44 (9), 39543962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cargill, P. 2013 From flares to nanoflares: magnetic reconnection on the Sun. Astron. Geophys. 54 (3), 3.163.20.Google Scholar
Cassak, P., Shay, M. & Drake, J. 2006 Catastrophe model for fast magnetic reconnection onset. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 235002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassak, P., Shay, M. A., Drake, J. F. & Eckhardt, B. 2007 Catastrophe model for the onset of fast magnetic reconnection. In American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #210, p. 68.03.Google Scholar
Cassak, P. A. & Fuselier, S. A. 2016 Reconnection at Earth's dayside magnetopause. In Magnetic Reconnection, Astrophys. (ed. W. Gonzalez and E. Parker), Vol. 427, pp. 213–276. Springer.Google Scholar
Cattell, C., Dombeck, J., Wygant, J., Drake, J. F., Swisdak, M., Goldstein, M. L., Keith, W., Fazakerley, A., André, M., Lucek, E., et al. 2005 Cluster observations of electron holes in association with magnetotail reconnection and comparison to simulations. J. Geophys. Res. 110 (A1), A01211.Google Scholar
Chen, L.-J., Hesse, M., Wang, S., Gershman, D., Ergun, R., Pollock, C., Torbert, R., Bessho, N., Daughton, W., Dorelli, J., et al. 2016 Electron energization and mixing observed by MMS in the vicinity of an electron diffusion region during magnetopause reconnection. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43 (12), 60366043.Google Scholar
Chiuderi, C. & Velli, M. 2015 Basics of plasma astrophysics. Springer. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5280-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christe, S., Krucker, S., Glesener, L., Shih, A., Saint-Hilaire, P., Caspi, A., Allred, J., Battaglia, M., Chen, B., Drake, J., et al. 2017 Exploring impulsive solar magnetic energy release and particle acceleration with focused hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy. arXiv:1701.00792.Google Scholar
Coleman, P. J. Jr. 1968 Turbulence, viscosity, and dissipation in the solar-wind plasma. Astrophys. J. 153, 371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppi, B., Laval, G. & Pellat, R. 1966 Dynamics of the geomagnetic tail. Phys. Rev. Lett. 16 (26), 12071210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coroniti, F. V. 1980 On the tearing mode in quasi-neutral sheets. J. Geophys. Res. 85 (A12), 67196728.Google Scholar
Coroniti, F. V. 1990 Magnetically striped relativistic magnetohydrodynamic winds: the Crab Nebula revisited. Astrophys. J. 349, 538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cothran, C. D., Landreman, M., Brown, M. R. & Matthaeus, W. H. 2005 Generalized Ohm's law in a 3-D reconnection experiment. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (3), L03105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowley, S. C. & Artun, M. 1997 Explosive instabilities and detonation in magnetohydrodynamics. Phys. Rep. 283 (1), 185211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowling, T. G. 1956 The dissipation of magnetic energy in an ionized gas. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 116, 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlburg, R. B. & Karpen, J. T. 1995 A triple current sheet model for adjoining coronal helmet streamers. J. Geophys. Res. 100 (A12), 2348923498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daughton, W., Lapenta, G. & Ricci, P. 2004 Nonlinear evolution of the lower-hybrid drift instability in a current sheet. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 105004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daughton, W., Roytershteyn, V., Albright, B. J., Karimabadi, H., Yin, L. & Bowers, K. J. 2009 Influence of Coulomb collisions on the structure of reconnection layers. Phys. Plasmas 16 (7), 072117.Google Scholar
Daughton, W., Roytershteyn, V., Karimabadi, H., Yin, L., Albright, B. J., Bergen, B. & Bowers, K. 2011 Role of electron physics in the development of turbulent magnetic reconnection in collisionless plasmas. Nat. Phys. 7, 539542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Sarto, D., Pucci, F., Tenerani, A. & Velli, M. 2016 ‘Ideal’ tearing and the transition to fast reconnection in the weakly collisional MHD and EMHD regimes. J. Geophys. Res. 121 (3), 18571873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Zanna, L., Papini, E., Landi, S., Bugli, M. & Bucciantini, N. 2016 Fast reconnection in relativistic plasmas: the magnetohydrodynamics tearing instability revisited. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 460 (4), 37533765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Démoulin, P. & Aulanier, G. 2010 Criteria for flux rope eruption: non-equilibrium versus torus instability. Astrophys. J. 718 (2), 13881399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorelli, J. C. 2019 Does the solar wind electric field control the reconnection rate at Earth's subsolar magnetopause? J. Geophys. Res. 124 (4), 26682681.Google Scholar
Dorfman, S., Ji, H., Yamada, M., Yoo, J., Lawrence, E., Myers, C. & Tharp, T. D. 2013 Three-dimensional, impulsive magnetic reconnection in a laboratory plasma. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40 (2), 233238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Draine, B. T. 1986 Multicomponent, reacting MHD flows. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 220, 133148.Google Scholar
Drake, J., Swisdak, M. & Che, H. 2006 Electron acceleration from contracting magnetic islands during reconnection. Nature 443 (1), 553556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drake, J. F. & Lee, Y. C. 1977 Kinetic theory of tearing instabilities. Phys. Fluids 20 (8), 13411353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drake, J. F., Shay, M. A., Thongthai, W. & Swisdak, M. 2005 Production of energetic electrons during magnetic reconnection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 095001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dungey, J. W. 1961 Book Review: The exploration of space. Robert Jastrow (Ed.): MacMillan, New York, 1960. Pp. 160, 38 s 6 d. Planet. Space Sci. 5 (4), 329329.Google Scholar
Eastwood, J. P., Phan, T. D., Mozer, F. S., Shay, M. A., Fujimoto, M., Retinò, A., Hesse, M., Balogh, A., Lucek, E. A. & Dandouras, I. 2007 Multi-point observations of the Hall electromagnetic field and secondary island formation during magnetic reconnection. J. Geophys. Res. 112 (A6), A06235.Google Scholar
Ergun, R. E., Tucker, S., Westfall, J., Goodrich, K. A., Malaspina, D. M., Summers, D., Wallace, J., Karlsson, M., Mack, J., Brennan, N., et al. 2016 The axial double probe and fields signal processing for the MMS mission. Space Sci. Rev. 199 (1–4), 167188.Google Scholar
Eriksson, S., Wilder, F. D., Ergun, R. E., Schwartz, S. J., Cassak, P. A., Burch, J. L., Chen, L.-J., Torbert, R. B., Phan, T. D., Lavraud, B., et al. 2016 Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of the electron diffusion region of large guide field magnetic reconnection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 015001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fan, Y. & Gibson, S. E. 2007 Onset of coronal mass ejections due to loss of confinement of coronal flux ropes. Astrophys. J. 668 (2), 12321245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, T. 2000 Solar flare models. In Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics. (ed. P. Murdin), 2295.Google Scholar
Forbes, T. G. & Isenberg, P. A. 1991 A catastrophe mechanism for coronal mass ejections. Astrophys. J. 373, 294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, N. J., Velli, M. C., Bale, S. D., Decker, R., Driesman, A., Howard, R. A., Kasper, J. C., Kinnison, J., Kusterer, M., Lario, D., et al. 2016 The solar probe plus mission: humanity's first visit to our star. Space Sci. Rev. 204 (1–4), 748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, W., Sciortino, F., Stechow, A. V., Jara-Almonte, J., Yoo, J., Ji, H. & Yamada, M. 2017 Experimental verification of the role of electron pressure in fast magnetic reconnection with a guide field. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 125002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, W., Wilder, F. D., Eriksson, S., Jara-Almonte, J., Pucci, F., Yoo, J., Ji, H., Yamada, M., Ergun, R. E., Øieroset, M. & Phan, T. D. 2018 Energy conversion by parallel electric fields during guide field reconnection in scaled laboratory and space experiments. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45 (23), 1267712684.Google Scholar
Frank, A. G. 1974 Neutral current layers in a plasma. Izdatel'stvo Nauka, Moscow, 108166.Google Scholar
Frank, A. G., Artemyev, A. V. & Zelenyi, L. M. 2016 Current sheets in the Earth's magnetosphere and in laboratory experiments: the magnetic field structure and the Hall effect. Sov. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 123 (4), 699715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujimoto, K. & Sydora, R. D. 2012 Plasmoid-induced turbulence in collisionless magnetic reconnection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 (26), 265004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furth, H. P., Killeen, J. & Rosenbluth, M. N. 1963 Finite-resistivity instabilities of a sheet pinch. Phys. Fluids 6 (4), 459484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galeev, A. A., Kuznetsova, M. M. & Zelenyi, L. M. 1986 Magnetopause stability threshold for patchy reconnection. Space Sci. Rev. 44 (1–2), 141.Google Scholar
Galeev, A. A., Rosner, R. & Vaiana, G. S. 1979 Structured coronae of accretion disks. Astrophys. J. 229, 318326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genestreti, K. J., Varsani, A., Burch, J. L., Cassak, P. A., Torbert, R. B., Nakamura, R., Ergun, R. E., Phan, T. D., Toledo-Redondo, S., Hesse, M., et al. 2018 MMS observation of asymmetric reconnection supported by 3-D electron pressure divergence. J. Geophys. Res. 123 (3), 18061821.Google Scholar
Genestreti, K. J., Farrugia, C. J., Lu, S., Phan, T., Baker, D. N., Vines, S. K., Cohen, I. J., Bingham, S., Shuster, J. R., et al. 2020 SM020-0001 - The onset of reconnection in Earth's magnetotail: Simultaneous observations from magnetospheric multiscale and the heliophysics system observatory. Available at: https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm20/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/671960.Google Scholar
von Goeler, S., Stodiek, W. & Sauthoff, N. 1974 Studies of internal disruptions and $m=1$ oscillations in tokamak discharges with soft-X-ray tecniques. Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 12011203.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, W. & Parker, E. 2016 Magnetic reconnection: Concepts and applications. 427. Springer.Google Scholar
Gosling, J. T. 2007 Observations of magnetic reconnection in the turbulent high-speed solar wind. Astrophys. J. 671 (1), L73L76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosling, J. T., Skoug, R. M., McComas, D. J. & Smith, C. W. 2005 Magnetic disconnection from the sun: observations of a reconnection exhaust in the solar wind at the heliospheric current sheet. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (5), L05105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GöǧüŞ, E., Woods, P. M., Kouveliotou, C., van Paradijs, J., Briggs, M. S., Duncan, R. C. & Thompson, C. 1999 Statistical properties of SGR 1900$+$14 bursts. Astrophys. J. 526 (2), L93L96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamrin, M., Gunell, H., Goncharov, O., De Spiegeleer, A., Fuselier, S., Mukherjee, J., Vaivads, A., Pitkänen, T., Torbert, R. B. & Giles, B. 2019 Can reconnection be triggered as a solar wind directional discontinuity crosses the bow shock? A case of asymmetric reconnection. J. Geophys. Res. 124 (11), 85078523.Google Scholar
Hassanin, A. & Kliem, B. 2016 Helical kink instability in a confined solar eruption. Astrophys. J. 832 (2), 106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesse, M., Birn, J. & Kuznetsova, M. 2001 a Collisionless magnetic reconnection: electron processes and transport modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (A3), 37213735.Google Scholar
Hesse, M., Birn, J. & Kuznetsova, M. 2001 b Collisionless magnetic reconnection: electron processes and transport modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (A3), 37213736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesse, M. & Schindler, K. 2001 The onset of magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail. Earth Planet. Space 53, 645653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesse, M., Schindler, K., Birn, J. & Kuznetsova, M. 1999 The diffusion region in collisionless magnetic reconnection. Phys. Plasmas 6 (5), 17811795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesse, M., Zenitani, S., Kuznetsova, M. & Klimas, A. 2009 A simple, analytical model of collisionless magnetic reconnection in a pair plasma. Phys. Plasmas 16 (10), 102106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewett, D. W., Frances, G. E. & Max, C. E. 1988 New regimes of magnetic reconnection in collisionless plasmas. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 893896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heyvaerts, J. & Kuperus, M. 1978 The triggering of plasma turbulence during fast flux emergence in the solar corona. Astron. Astrophys. 64 (1–2), 219234.Google Scholar
Horiuchi, R., Pei, W. & Sato, T. 2001 Collisionless driven reconnection in an open system. Earth Planet. Space 53, 439445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, R. A., Vourlidas, A., Bothmer, V., Colaninno, R. C., DeForest, C. E., Gallagher, B., Hall, J. R., Hess, P., Higginson, A. K., Korendyke, C. M., et al. 2019 Near-Sun observations of an F-corona decrease and K-corona fine structure. Nature 576 (7786), 232236.Google ScholarPubMed
Hsieh, M.-S. & Otto, A. 2015 Thin current sheet formation in response to the loading and the depletion of magnetic flux during the substorm growth phase. J. Geophys. Res. 120 (6), 42644278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Y.-M., Comisso, L. & Bhattacharjee, A. 2017 Plasmoid instability in evolving current sheets and onset of fast reconnection. Astrophys. J. 849 (2), 75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huba, J. D., Drake, J. F. & Gladd, N. T. 1980 Lower-hybrid-drift instability in field reversed plasmas. Phys. Fluids 23 (3), 552561.Google Scholar
Inomoto, M., Ushiki, T., Guo, X., Sugawara, T., Kondo, K., Mihara, T., Minami, Y., Inai, Y., Kaneko, H., Yanai, R., et al. 2019 Effects of reconnection downstream conditions on electron parallel acceleration during the merging start-up of a spherical tokamak. Nucl. Fusion 59 (8), 086040.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, Y., Totani, T. & Ueda, Y. 2008 The cosmic MeV gamma-ray background and hard X-Ray spectra of active galactic nuclei: implications for the origin of hot AGN coronae. Astrophys. J. 672 (1), L5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jara-Almonte, J., Ji, H., Yoo, J., Yamada, M., Fox, W. & Daughton, W. 2019 Kinetic simulations of magnetic reconnection in partially ionized plasmas. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 (1), 015101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ji, H. 2019 a Magnetic reconnection experiments. https://flare.pppl.gov/Links/links.html. [Online; accessed 12-Fb-2020].Google Scholar
Ji, H. 2019 b The FLARE experiment. https://flare.pppl.gov. [Online; accessed 12-Fb-2020].Google Scholar
Ji, H. 2019 c The FLARE experiment POSTER APS. https://flare.pppl.gov/Physics/Ji-FLARE-poster-2014DPP.pdf. [Online; accessed 12-Fb-2020].Google Scholar
Ji, H., Bhattacharjee, A., Goodman, A., Prager, S., Daughton, W. S., Cutler, R., Fox, W., Hoffmann, F., Kalish, M., Kozub, T., et al. 2017 FLARE: a new user facility for studies of magnetic reconnection through simultaneous, in-situ measurements on MHD scales, ion scales and electron scales. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, vol. 2017, p. SM11C–2325.Google Scholar
Ji, H. & Daughton, W. 2011 Phase diagram for magnetic reconnection in heliophysical, astrophysical, and laboratory plasmas. Phys. Plasmas 18 (11), 111207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ji, H., Terry, S., Yamada, M., Kulsrud, R., Kuritsyn, A. & Ren, Y. 2004 Electromagnetic fluctuations during fast reconnection in a laboratory plasma. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 115001.Google Scholar
Kadomtsev, B. B. 1975 Disruptive instability in Tokamaks. Sov. J. Plasma Phys. 1, 389391.Google Scholar
Kaminou, Y., Inomoto, M. & Ono, Y. 2016 Experimental study of Hall effect on a formation process of an FRC by Counter-Helicity Spheromak Merging in TS-4. Plasma Fusion Res. 11, 2401052.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karimabadi, H., Daughton, W. & Quest, K. B. 2005 Physics of saturation of collisionless tearing mode as a function of guide field. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A3.Google Scholar
Kasper, J. C., Abiad, R., Austin, G., Balat-Pichelin, M., Bale, S. D., Belcher, J. W., Berg, P., Bergner, H., Berthomier, M., Bookbinder, J., et al. 2016 Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons (SWEAP) investigation: design of the solar wind and coronal plasma instrument suite for solar probe plus. Space Sci. Rev. 204 (1–4), 131186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasper, J. C., Bale, S. D., Belcher, J. W., Berthomier, M., Case, A. W., Chandran, B. D. G., Curtis, D. W., Gallagher, D., Gary, S. P., Golub, L., et al. 2019 Alfvénic velocity spikes and rotational flows in the near-Sun solar wind. Nature 576 (7786), 228231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennel, C. F. & Coroniti, F. V. 1984 Magnetohydrodynamic model of Crab nebula radiation. Astrophys. J. 283, 710730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khiali, B. & de Gouveia Dal Pino, E. M. 2016 High-energy neutrino emission from the core of low luminosity AGNs triggered by magnetic reconnection acceleration. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 455 (1), 838845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, J. G. & Skjæraasen, O. 2003 Dissipation in poynting-flux-dominated flows: the $\sigma$-problem of the Crab pulsar wind. Astrophys. J. 591 (1), 366379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kliem, B. & Török, T. 2006 Torus instability. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (25), 255002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klimchuk, J. A. 2015 Key aspects of coronal heating. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 373 (2042), 20140256.Google ScholarPubMed
Kohler, S. 2016 Reconnection on the Sun. AAS Nova Highlights. Available at: https://aasnova.org/2016/05/18/reconnection-on-the-sun/.Google Scholar
Koide, S., Kudoh, T. & Shibata, K. 2006 Jet formation driven by the expansion of magnetic bridges between the ergosphere and the disk around a rapidly rotating black hole. Phys. Rev. D 74 (4), 044005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komissarov, S. S., Barkov, M. & Lyutikov, M. 2007 Tearing instability in relativistic magnetically dominated plasmas. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 374 (2), 415426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornack, T. 2001 Magnetic reconnection studies on SSX. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2315990\_Magnetic\_Reconnection_Studies\_on\_SSX.Google Scholar
Kornack, T. W. 1998 Magnetic reconnection studies on SSX. http://plasma.physics.swarthmore.edu/SSX/reconnection/index.html. [Online; accessed 12-Fb-2020].Google Scholar
Krishan, V. & Varghese, B. A. 2008 Cylindrical Hall-MHD waves: a nonlinear solution. Sol. Phys. 247 (2), 343349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, P. & Zhang, B. 2015 The physics of gamma-ray bursts and relativistic jets. Phys. Rep. 561, 1109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuznetsova, M. M., Hesse, M. & Winske, D. 2001 Collisionless reconnection supported by nongyrotropic pressure effects in hybrid and particle simulations. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (A3), 37993810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lampasi, A., Alladio, F., Maffia, G. & Boncagni, L. 2016 Progress of the plasma centerpost for the PROTO-SPHERA spherical tokamak. Energies 9, 508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landi, S., Del Zanna, L., Papini, E., Pucci, F. & Velli, M. 2015 Resistive magnetohydrodynamics simulations of the ideal tearing mode. Astrophys. J. 806 (1), 131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laval, G., Pellat, R. & Vuillemin, M. 1980 In Electromagnetic Instabilities in a Collisionless Plasma, 259–276. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): IAEA.Google Scholar
Lazarian, A., Eyink, G. L. & Vishniac, E. T. 2012 Relation of astrophysical turbulence and magnetic reconnection. Phys. Plasmas 19 (1), 012105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le, A., Egedal, J., Ohia, O., Daughton, W., Karimabadi, H. & Lukin, V. S. 2013 Regimes of the electron diffusion region in magnetic reconnection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 135004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Contel, O., Nakamura, R., Breuillard, H., Argall, M. R., Graham, D. B., Fischer, D., Retinò, A., Berthomier, M., Pottelette, R. & Mirioni, L., et al. 2017 Lower hybrid drift waves and electromagnetic electron space-phase holes associated with dipolarization fronts and field-aligned currents observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission during a substorm. J. Geophys. Res. 122 (12), 1223612257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leake, J. E., Daldorff, L. K. S. & Klimchuk, J. A. 2020 The onset of 3D magnetic reconnection and heating in the solar corona. Astrophys. J. 891 (1), 62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leake, J. E., Lukin, V. S. & Linton, M. G. 2013 Magnetic reconnection in a weakly ionized plasma. Phys. Plasmas 20 (6), 061202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leake, J. E., Lukin, V. S., Linton, M. G. & Meier, E. T. 2012 Multi-fluid simulations of chromospheric magnetic reconnection in a weakly ionized reacting plasma. Astrophys. J. 760 (2), 109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lembege, B. & Pellat, R. 1982 Stability of a thick two-dimensional quasineutral sheet. Phys. Fluids 25 (11), 19952004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Link, B. 2014 Constraining the origin of magnetar flares. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 441 (3), 26762683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y.-H., Birn, J., Daughton, W., Hesse, M. & Schindler, K. 2014 Onset of reconnection in the near magnetotail: PIC simulations. J. Geophys. Res. 119 (12), 97739789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loureiro, N. F. & Boldyrev, S. 2020 Nonlinear reconnection in magnetized turbulence. Astrophys. J. 890 (1), 55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loureiro, N. F., Schekochihin, A. A. & Cowley, S. C. 2007 Instability of current sheets and formation of plasmoid chains. Phys. Plasmas 14 (10), 100703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyutikov, M. 2006 Magnetar giant flares and afterglows as relativistic magnetized explosions. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 367 (4), 15941602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyutikov, M., Pariev, V. I. & Blandford, R. D. 2003 Polarization of prompt gamma-ray burst emission: evidence for electromagnetically dominated outflow. Astrophys. J. 597 (2), 9981009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maehara, H., Shibayama, T., Notsu, S., Notsu, Y., Nagao, T., Kusaba, S., Honda, S., Nogami, D. & Shibata, K. 2012 Superflares on solar-type stars. Nature 485 (7399), 478481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mallet, A., Schekochihin, A. A. & Chandran, B. D. G. 2017 Disruption of Alfvénic turbulence by magnetic reconnection in a collisionless plasma. J. Plasma Phys. 83 (6), 905830609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malyshkin, L. M. & Zweibel, E. G. 2011 Onset of fast magnetic reconnection in partially ionized gases. Astrophys. J. 739 (2), 72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Martino, D., Falanga, M., Bonnet-Bidaud, J. M., Belloni, T., Mouchet, M., Masetti, N., Andruchow, I., Cellone, S. A., Mukai, K. & Matt, G. 2010 The intriguing nature of the high-energy gamma ray source XSS J12270-4859. Astron. Astrophys. 515, A25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masuda, S., Kosugi, T., Hara, H., Tsuneta, S. & Ogawara, Y. 1994 A loop-top hard X-ray source in a compact solar flare as evidence for magnetic reconnection. Nature 371 (6497), 495497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthaeus, W. H., Cothran, C. D., Landreman, M. & Brown, M. R. 2005 Fluid and kinetic structure of magnetic merging in the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (23), L23104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthaeus, W. H. & Lamkin, S. L. 1986 Turbulent magnetic reconnection. Phys. Fluids 29 (8), 25132534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthaeus, W. H. & Velli, M. 2011 Who needs turbulence? A review of turbulence effects in the heliosphere and on the fundamental process of reconnection. Space Sci. Rev. 160 (1–4), 145168.Google Scholar
McComas, D. J., Alexander, N., Angold, N., Bale, S., Beebe, C., Birdwell, B., Boyle, M., Burgum, J. M., Burnham, J. A., Christian, E. R., et al. 2016 Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (ISIS): design of the energetic particle investigation. Space Sci. Rev. 204 (1–4), 187256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McComas, D. J., Christian, E. R., Cohen, C. M. S., Cummings, A. C., Davis, A. J., Desai, M. I., Giacalone, J., Hill, M. E., Joyce, C. J., Krimigis, S. M., et al. 2019 Probing the energetic particle environment near the Sun. Nature 576, 223227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merkin, V. G. & Sitnov, M. I. 2016 Stability of magnetotail equilibria with a tailward $B_{z}$ gradient. J. Geophys. Res. 121 (10), 94119426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moritaka, T., Horiuchi, R. & Ohtani, H. 2007 Anomalous resistivity due to kink modes in a thin current sheet. Phys. Plasmas 14 (10), 102109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mozer, F. S., Bale, S. D. & Phan, T. D. 2002 Evidence of diffusion regions at a subsolar magnetopause crossing. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (1), 015002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munõz, P. A., Büchner, J. & Kilian, P. 2017 Turbulent transport in 2D collisionless guide field reconnection. Phys. Plasmas 24 (2), 022104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, N. A. & Lukin, V. S. 2015 Asymmetric magnetic reconnection in weakly ionized chromospheric plasmas. Astrophys. J. 805 (2), 134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, C. E., Yamada, M., Ji, H., Yoo, J., Fox, W., Jara-Almonte, J., Savcheva, A. & Deluca, E. E. 2015 A dynamic magnetic tension force as the cause of failed solar eruptions. Nature 528 (7583), 526529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakamura, R. 2006 Substorms and their solar wind causes. Space Sci. Rev. 124 (1–4), 91101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, R., Baumjohann, W., Klecker, B., Bogdanova, Y., Balogh, A., Réme, H., Bosqued, J. M., Dandouras, I., Sauvaud, J. A., Glassmeier, K.-H., et al. 2002 Motion of the dipolarization front during a flow burst event observed by cluster. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (20), 3–13–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ni, L., Germaschewski, K., Huang, Y.-M., Sullivan, B. P., Yang, H. & Bhattacharjee, A. 2010 Linear plasmoid instability of thin current sheets with shear flow. Phys. Plasmas 17 (5), 052109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ni, L., Lukin, V. S., Murphy, N. A. & Lin, J. 2018 Magnetic reconnection in strongly magnetized regions of the low solar chromosphere. Astrophys. J. 852 (2), 95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ni, L., Yang, Z. & Wang, H. 2007 Fast magnetic reconnection with Cowling's conductivity. Astrophys. Space Sci. 312 (3–4), 139144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohtani, S.-I. 2004 Flow bursts in the plasma sheet and auroral substorm onset: observational Constraints on connection between midtail and near-Earth substorm processes. Space Sci. Rev. 113 (1), 7796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Øieroset, M., Phan, T. D., Fujimoto, M., Lin, R. P. & Lepping, R. P. 2001 In situ detection of collisionless reconnection in the Earth's magnetotail. Nature 412 (1), 414417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olmedo, O. & Zhang, J. 2010 Partial torus instability. Astrophys. J. 718 (1), 433440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ono, Y. 2016 Formation of field-reversed configuration by use of two merging spheromaks with opposing toroidal field. In American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 1721, p. 030001.Google Scholar
Ono, Y. 2019 Ono and Inomoto Laboratory. http://tanuki.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/. [Online; accessed 12-Fb-2020].Google Scholar
Ono, Y., Tanabe, H., Kamiya, S., Tanaka, H., Cai, Y., Cao, Q. H., Junguang, X., Gryaznevich, M., Usami, S., Horiuchi, R., et al. Scaling physics of reconnection heating and acceleration in tokamak merging experiments. In APS Division of Plasma Physics Meeting Abstracts, APS Meeting Abstracts, vol. 2019, p. YP10.039.Google Scholar
Palmroth, M., Hoilijoki, S., Juusola, L., Pulkkinen, T. I., Hietala, H., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Ganse, U., von Alfthan, S., Vainio, R. & Hesse, M. 2017 Tail reconnection in the global magnetospheric context: Vlasiator first results. Ann. Geophys. 35 (6), 12691274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panasenco, O., Martin, S. F. & Velli, M. 2014 Apparent solar tornado-like prominences. Sol. Phys. 289 (2), 603622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panasenco, O., Velli, M., D'Amicis, R., Shi, C., Réville, V., Bale, S. D., Badman, S. T., Kasper, J., Korreck, K., Bonnell, J. W., et al. 2020 Exploring solar wind origins and connecting plasma flows from the parker solar probe to 1 au: nonspherical source surface and Alfvénic fluctuations. Astrophys. J. Suppl. S. 246 (2), 54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papitto, A., Ambrosino, F., Stella, L., Torres, D., Coti Zelati, F., Ghedina, A., Meddi, F., Sanna, A., Casella, P., Dallilar, Y., et al. 2019 Pulsating in unison at optical and X-ray energies: simultaneous high time resolution observations of the transitional millisecond pulsar PSR J1023$+$0038. Astrophys. J. 882 (2), 104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papitto, A., Ferrigno, C., Bozzo, E., Rea, N., Pavan, L., Burderi, L., Burgay, M., Campana, S., di Salvo, T., Falanga, M., et al. 2013 Swings between rotation and accretion power in a binary millisecond pulsar. Nature 501 (7468), 517520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papitto, A. & Torres, D. F. 2015 A propeller model for the sub-luminous state of the transitional millisecond pulsar PSR J1023$+$0038. Astrophys. J. 807 (1), 33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papitto, A., Torres, D. F. & Li, J. 2014 A propeller scenario for the gamma-ray emission of low-mass X-ray binaries: the case of XSS J12270-4859. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 438 (3), 21052116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, E. N. 1957 Sweet's mechanism for merging magnetic fields in conducting fluids. J. Geophys. Res. 62 (4), 509520.Google Scholar
Parker, E. N. 1972 Topological dissipation and the small-scale fields in turbulent gases. Astrophys. J. 174, 499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, E. N. 1988 Nanoflares and the solar X-ray corona. Astrophys. J. 330, 474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paschmann, G., Sonnerup, B. U. O., Papamastorakis, I., Sckopke, N., Haerendel, G., Bame, S. J., Asbridge, J. R., Gosling, J. T., Russell, C. T. & Elphic, R. C. 1979 Plasma acceleration at the Earth's magnetopause: evidence for reconnection. Nature 282 (1), 243246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pegoraro, F. 2015 Generalised relativistic Ohm's laws, extended gauge transformations, and magnetic linking. Phys. Plasmas 22 (11), 112106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petropoulou, M. & Sironi, L. 2018 The steady growth of the high-energy spectral cut-off in relativistic magnetic reconnection. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 481 (4), 56875701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petschek, H. E. 1964 Magnetic field annihilation, 50, 425.Google Scholar
Phan, T. D., Bale, S. D., Eastwood, J. P., Lavraud, B., Drake, J. F., Oieroset, M., Shay, M. A., Pulupa, M., Stevens, M., MacDowall, R. J., et al. 2020 Parker solar probe in situ observations of magnetic reconnection exhausts during encounter 1. Astrophys. J. Suppl. S. 246 (2), 34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piddington, J. H. 1954 The motion of ionized gas in combined magnetic, electric and mechanical fields of force. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 114, 651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, C., Moore, T., Jacques, A., Burch, J., Gliese, U., Saito, Y., Omoto, T., Avanov, L., Barrie, A., Coffey, V., et al. 2016 Fast plasma investigation for Magnetospheric Multiscale. Space Sci. Rev. 199 (1–4), 331406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Priest, E. R. & Forbes, T. G. 2002 The magnetic nature of solar flares. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 10 (4), 313377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchett, P. L. 2001 Geospace environment modeling magnetic reconnection challenge: simulations with a full particle electromagnetic code. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (A3), 37833798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchett, P. L. 2008 Collisionless magnetic reconnection in an asymmetric current sheet. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A6.Google Scholar
Pritchett, P. L. 2013 The influence of intense electric fields on three-dimensional asymmetric magnetic reconnection. Phys. Plasmas 20 (6), 061204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchett, P. L. 2015 Reconnection exhaust jets as the progenitor of magnetotail transients. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, vol. 2015, p. SM22A–02. AGU.Google Scholar
Pucci, F., Singh, K. A. P., Tenerani, A. & Velli, M. 2020 Tearing modes in partially ionized plasmas. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abc0e7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pucci, F., Usami, S., Ji, H., Guo, X., Horiuchi, R., Okamura, S., Fox, W., Jara-Almonte, J., Yamada, M. & Yoo, J. 2018 Energy transfer and electron energization in collisionless magnetic reconnection for different guide-field intensities. Phys. Plasmas 25 (12), 122111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pucci, F. & Velli, M. 2014 Reconnection of quasi-singular current sheets: the ‘ideal’ tearing mode. Astrophys. J. 780 (2), L19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pucci, F., Velli, M. & Tenerani, A. 2017 Fast magnetic reconnection: ‘ideal’ tearing and the Hall effect. Astrophys. J. 845 (1), 25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rappazzo, A. F., Velli, M., Einaudi, G. & Dahlburg, R. B. 2008 Nonlinear dynamics of the Parker scenario for coronal heating. Astrophys. J. 677 (2), 13481366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ren, Y., Yamada, M., Gerhardt, S., Ji, H., Kulsrud, R. & Kuritsyn, A. 2005 Experimental verification of the Hall effect during magnetic reconnection in a laboratory plasma. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (5), 055003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricci, P., Brackbill, J. U., Daughton, W. & Lapenta, G. 2004 Collisionless magnetic reconnection in the presence of a guide field. Phys. Plasmas 11 (8), 41024114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romanova, M. M. & Lovelace, R. V. E. 1992 Magnetic field, reconnection and particle acceleration in extragalactic jets. Astron. Astrophys. 262, 2636.Google Scholar
Runov, A., Sergeev, V. A., Nakamura, R., Baumjohann, W., Zhang, T. L., Asano, Y., Volwerk, M., Vörös, Z., Balogh, A. & Rème, H. 2005 Reconstruction of the magnetotail current sheet structure using multi-point cluster measurements. Planet. Space Sci. 53 (1–3), 237243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rycroft, M. J. 2007 K. Schindler, physics of space plasma activity. Surv Geophys 28, 407408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanny, J., McPherron, R. L., Russell, C. T., Baker, D. N., Pulkkinen, T. I. & Nishida, A. 1994 Growth-phase thinning of the near-Earth current sheet during the CDAW 6 substorm. J. Geophys. Res. 99 (A4), 58055816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schekochihin, A. A., Cowley, S. C., Kulsrud, R. M., Hammett, G. W. & Sharma, P. 2005 Plasma instabilities and magnetic field growth in clusters of galaxies. Astrophys. J. 629 (1), 139142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schindler, K. 1974 A theory of the substorm mechanism. J. Geophys. Res. 79 (19), 2803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitz, H. & Grauer, R. 2006 Kinetic Vlasov simulations of collisionless magnetic reconnection. Phys. Plasmas 13 (9), 092309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scudder, J. D., Karimabadi, H., Daughton, W. S. & Roytershteyn, V. 2014 Local diagnosis of reconnection in 3D. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, vol. 2014, p. SM12B–01. AGU.Google Scholar
Sergeev, V. A., Vagina, L. I., Kauristie, K., Koskinen, H., Huuskonen, A., Pajunpaa, A., Pellinen, R., Phan, T., Angelopoulos, V. & Lin, R. P., et al. 1998 Continuous activity and substorm activations during a weak magnetic storm (WIND Tail Passage). In Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 238, pp. 681684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Servidio, S., Dmitruk, P., Greco, A., Wan, M., Donato, S., Cassak, P. A., Shay, M. A., Carbone, V. & Matthaeus, W. H. 2011 Magnetic reconnection as an element of turbulence. Nonlinear Process. Geophys. 18 (5), 675695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Servidio, S., Matthaeus, W. H., Shay, M. A., Cassak, P. A. & Dmitruk, P. 2009 Magnetic reconnection in two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 115003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Servidio, S., Matthaeus, W. H., Shay, M. A., Dmitruk, P., Cassak, P. A. & Wan, M. 2010 Statistics of magnetic reconnection in two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Phys. Plasmas 17 (3), 032315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shay, M. A., Drake, J. F., Rogers, B. N. & Denton, R. E. 2001 a Alfvénic collisionless magnetic reconnection and the Hall term. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (A3), 37593772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shay, M. A., Drake, J. F., Rogers, B. N. & Denton, R. E. 2001 b Alfvénic collisionless magnetic reconnection and the Hall term. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (A3), 37593772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, C., Tenerani, A., Velli, M. & Lu, S. 2019 Fast recursive reconnection and the Hall effect: Hall-MHD simulations. Astrophys. J. 883 (2), 172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, C., Velli, M., Pucci, F., Tenerani, A. & Innocenti, M. E. 2020 Oblique tearing mode instability: guide field and Hall effect. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb6fa.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, C., Velli, M. & Tenerani, A. 2018 Marginal stability of Sweet–Parker type current sheets at low Lundquist numbers. Astrophys. J. 859 (2), 83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shibata, K., Isobe, H., Hillier, A., Choudhuri, A. R., Maehara, H., Ishii, T. T., Shibayama, T., Notsu, S., Notsu, Y., Nagao, T., et al. 2013 Can superflares occur on our Sun? Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 65, 49.Google Scholar
Shibata, K. & Tanuma, S. 2001 Plasmoid-induced-reconnection and fractal reconnection. Earth Planet. Space 53, 473482.Google Scholar
Shuster, J. R., Gershman, D. J., Chen, L.-J., Wang, S., Bessho, N., Dorelli, J. C., da Silva, D. E., Giles, B. L., Paterson, W. R., Denton, R. E., et al. 2019 MMS measurements of the Vlasov equation: probing the electron pressure divergence within thin current sheets. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46 (14), 78627872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, K. A. P., Hillier, A., Isobe, H. & Shibata, K. 2015 Nonlinear instability and intermittent nature of magnetic reconnection in solar chromosphere. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 67 (5), 96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, K. A. P. & Krishan, V. 2010 Alfvén-like mode in partially ionized solar atmosphere. New A 15 (1), 119125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, K. A. P., Pucci, F., Tenerani, A., Shibata, K., Hillier, A. & Velli, M. 2019 Dynamic evolution of current sheets, ideal tearing, plasmoid formation and generalized fractal reconnection scaling relations. Astrophys. J. 881 (1), 52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, K. A. P. & Subramanian, P. 2007 An evaluation of possible mechanisms for anomalous resistivity in the solar corona. Sol. Phys. 243 (2), 163169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sitnov, M., Birn, J., Ferdousi, B., Gordeev, E., Khotyaintsev, Y., Merkin, V., Motoba, T., Otto, A., Panov, E., Pritchett, P., et al. 2019 Explosive magnetotail activity. Space Sci. Rev. 215 (4), 31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sitnov, M. I., Buzulukova, N., Swisdak, M., Merkin, V. G. & Moore, T. E. 2013 Spontaneous formation of dipolarization fronts and reconnection onset in the magnetotail. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40 (1), 2227.Google Scholar
Sitnov, M. I., Merkin, V. G., Pritchett, P. L. & Swisdak, M. 2017 Distinctive features of internally driven magnetotail reconnection. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44 (7), 30283037.Google Scholar
Sitnov, M. I., Merkin, V. G., Swisdak, M., Motoba, T., Buzulukova, N., Moore, T. E., Mauk, B. H. & Ohtani, S. 2014 Magnetic reconnection, buoyancy, and flapping motions in magnetotail explosions. J. Geophys. Res. 119 (9), 71517168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sitnov, M. I. & Schindler, K. 2010 Tearing stability of a multiscale magnetotail current sheet. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37 (8).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sitnov, M. I., Sharma, A. S., Guzdar, P. N. & Yoon, P. H. 2002 Reconnection onset in the tail of Earth's magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (A9), 1256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sterling, A. C. & Moore, R. L. 2005 Slow-rise and fast-rise phases of an erupting solar filament, and flare emission onset. Astrophys. J. 630 (2), 11481159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Su, Y., Veronig, A. M., Holman, G. D., Dennis, B. R., Wang, T., Temmer, M. & Gan, W. 2013 Imaging coronal magnetic-field reconnection in a solar flare. Nat. Phys. 9 (8), 489493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sweet, P. A. 1958 The topology of force-free magnetic fields. Observatory 78, 3032.Google Scholar
Swisdak, M., Drake, J. F., Shay, M. A. & McIlhargey, J. G. 2005 Transition from antiparallel to component magnetic reconnection. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A5.Google Scholar
Swisdak, M., Rogers, B. N., Drake, J. F. & Shay, M. A. 2003 Diamagnetic suppression of component magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (A5), 1218.Google Scholar
Syrovatskiǐ, S. I. 1971 Formation of current sheets in a plasma with a frozen-in strong magnetic field. Sov. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 33, 933.Google Scholar
Tanabe, H., Cao, Q., Tanaka, H., Ahmadi, T., Akimitsu, M., Sawada, A., Inomoto, M. & Ono, Y. 2019 Investigation of fine structure formation of guide field reconnection during merging plasma startup of spherical tokamak in TS-3U. Nucl. Fusion 59 (8), 086041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tenerani, A., Rappazzo, A. F., Velli, M. & Pucci, F. 2015 a The tearing mode instability of thin current sheets: the transition to fast reconnection in the presence of viscosity. Astrophys. J. 801 (2), 145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tenerani, A. & Velli, M. 2020 Spectral signatures of recursive magnetic field reconnection. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 491 (3), 42674276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tenerani, A., Velli, M., Pucci, F., Landi, S. & Rappazzo, A. F. 2016 ‘Ideally’ unstable current sheets and the triggering of fast magnetic reconnection. J. Plasma Phys. 82 (5), 535820501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tenerani, A., Velli, M., Rappazzo, A. F. & Pucci, F. 2015 b Magnetic reconnection: recursive current sheet collapse triggered by “ideal” tearing. Astrophys. J. 813 (2), L32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terasawa, T. 1983 Hall current effect on tearing mode instability. Geophys. Res. Lett. 10 (6), 475478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tharp, T. D., Yamada, M., Ji, H., Lawrence, E., Dorfman, S., Myers, C., Yoo, J., Huang, Y. M. & Bhattacharjee, A. 2013 Study of the effects of guide field on Hall reconnection. Phys. Plasmas 20 (5), 055705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, C. 1994 A model of gamma-ray bursts. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 270, 480498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, C. & Duncan, R. C. 2001 The giant flare of 1998 August 27 from SGR 1900$+$14. II. Radiative mechanism and physical constraints on the source. Astrophys. J. 561 (2), 9801005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torbert, R. B., Burch, J. L., Giles, B. L., Gershman, D., Pollock, C. J., Dorelli, J., Avanov, L., Argall, M. R., Shuster, J., Strangeway, R. J., et al. 2016 Estimates of terms in Ohm's law during an encounter with an electron diffusion region. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43 (12), 59185925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torbert, R. B., Russell, C. T., Magnes, W., Ergun, R. E., Lindqvist, P. A., Le Contel, O., Vaith, H., Macri, J., Myers, S., Rau, D., et al. 2016 The FIELDS instrument suite on MMS: scientific objectives, measurements, and data products. Space Sci. Rev. 199 (1–4), 105135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torres, D. F. 2018 Order parameters for the high-energy spectra of pulsars. Nat. Astron. 2, 247256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsuruda, M., Ono, Y. & Katsurai, M. 2002 Comparative experiments of co- and counter-helicity merging in the compact toroid merging device TS-4. IEEJ Trans. Fundam. Mater. 122, 840848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tu, C.-Y., & Marsch, E. 1995 MHD structures, waves and turbulence in the solar wind: Observations and theories.. Space Sci. Rev.. 73, 1210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Usami, S., Horiuchi, R., Ohtani, H., Ono, Y., Inomoto, M. & Tanabe, H. 2019 Dependence of the pickup-like ion effective heating on the poloidal and toroidal magnetic fields during magnetic reconnection. Phys. Plasmas 26 (10), 102103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uzdensky, D., Cerutti, B. & Begelman, M. 2011 Reconnection-powered extreme particle acceleration and gamma-ray flares in Crab nebula. In APS Division of Plasma Physics Meeting Abstracts, APS Meeting Abstracts, vol. 53, p. PO5.012. APS.Google Scholar
Uzdensky, D. A., Loureiro, N. F. & Schekochihin, A. A. 2010 Fast magnetic reconnection in the plasmoid-dominated regime. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 235002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uzdensky, D. A. & Spitkovsky, A. 2014 Physical conditions in the reconnection layer in pulsar magnetospheres. Astrophys. J. 780 (1), 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaivads, A., Khotyaintsev, Y., André, M., Retinò, A., Buchert, S. C., Rogers, B. N., Décréau, P., Paschmann, G. & Phan, T. D. 2004 Structure of the magnetic reconnection diffusion region from four-spacecraft observations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (10), 105001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vörös, Z., Yordanova, E., Graham, D. B., Khotyaintsev, Y. V. & Narita, Y. 2019 MMS observations of whistler and lower hybrid drift waves associated with magnetic reconnection in the turbulent magnetosheath. J. Geophys. Res. 124 (11), 85518563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vourlidas, A., Howard, R. A., Plunkett, S. P., Korendyke, C. M., Thernisien, A. F. R., Wang, D., Rich, N., Carter, M. T., Chua, D. H., Socker, D. G., et al. 2016 The Wide-Field Imager for Solar Probe Plus (WISPR). Space Sci. Rev. 204 (1–4), 83130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wei, X. H., Cao, J. B., Zhou, G. C., SantolíK, O., RèMe, H., Dandouras, I., Cornilleau-Wehrlin, N., Lucek, E., Carr, C. M. & Fazakerley, A. 2007 Cluster observations of waves in the whistler frequency range associated with magnetic reconnection in the Earth's magnetotail. J. Geophys. Res. 112 (A10), A10225.Google Scholar
Wilder, F. D., Ergun, R. E., Eriksson, S., Phan, T. D., Burch, J. L., Ahmadi, N., Goodrich, K. A., Newman, D. L., Trattner, K. J., Torbert, R. B., et al. 2017 Multipoint measurements of the electron jet of symmetric magnetic reconnection with a moderate guide field. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 265101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilms, J., Reynolds, C. S., Begelman, M. C., Reeves, J., Molendi, S., Staubert, R. & Kendziorra, E. 2001 XMM-EPIC observation of MCG-6-30-15: direct evidence for the extraction of energy from a spinning black hole? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 328 (3), L27L31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamada, M. 2019 The magnetic reconnection experiment. https://mrx.pppl.gov. [Online; accessed 12-Fb-2020].Google Scholar
Yamada, M., Ji, H., Hsu, S., Carter, T., Kulsrud, R., Bretz, N., Jobes, F., Ono, Y. & Perkins, F. 1997 Study of driven magnetic reconnection in a laboratory plasma. Phys. Plasmas 4 (5), 19361944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamada, M., Kulsrud, R. & Ji, H. 2010 Magnetic reconnection. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82 (1), 603664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamada, M., Levinton, F. M., Pomphrey, N., Budny, R., Manickam, J. & Nagayama, Y. 1994 Investigation of magnetic reconnection during a sawtooth crash on a high-temperature tokamak plasma. Phys. Plasmas 1, 10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamada, M., Ren, Y., Ji, H., Breslau, J., Gerhardt, S., Kulsrud, R. & Kuritsyn, A. 2006 Experimental study of two-fluid effects on magnetic reconnection in a laboratory plasma with variable collisionality. Phys. Plasmas 13 (5), 052119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamada, M., Yoo, J., Jara-Almonte, J., Daughton, W., Ji, H., Kulsrud, R. M. & Myers, C. E. 2015 Study of energy conversion and partitioning in the magnetic reconnection layer of a laboratory plasma. Phys. Plasmas 22 (5), 056501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamada, M., Yoo, J., Jara-Almonte, J., Ji, H., Kulsrud, R. M. & Myers, C. E. 2014 Conversion of magnetic energy in the magnetic reconnection layer of a laboratory plasma. Nat. Commun. 5, 4774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamada, M., Yoo, J. & Zenitani, S. 2016 Energy conversion and inventory of a prototypical magnetic reconnection layer. In Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 427, pp. 143179.Google Scholar
Yoo, J., Jara-Almonte, J., Yerger, E., Wang, S., Qian, T., Le, A., Ji, H., Yamada, M., Fox, W., Kim, E.-H., et al. 2018 Whistler wave generation by anisotropic tail electrons during asymmetric magnetic reconnection in space and laboratory. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45 (16), 80548061.Google Scholar
Yoo, J., Yamada, M., Ji, H., Jara-Almonte, J., Myers, C. E. & Chen, L.-J. 2014 Laboratory study of magnetic reconnection with a density asymmetry across the current sheet. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 095002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zanotti, O. & Dumbser, M. 2011 Numerical simulations of high Lundquist number relativistic magnetic reconnection. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 418 (2), 10041011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zelenyi, L., Artemiev, A., Malova, H. & Popov, V. 2008 Marginal stability of thin current sheets in the Earth's magnetotail. J. Atmos. Solar-Terrestrial Phys. 70 (2–4), 325333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zenitani, S., Hesse, M., Klimas, A. & Kuznetsova, M. 2011 New measure of the dissipation region in collisionless magnetic reconnection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (19), 195003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, J. & Dere, K. P. 2006 A statistical study of main and residual accelerations of coronal mass ejections. Astrophys. J. 649 (2), 11001109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, M., El-Alaoui, M., Lapenta, G., Berchem, J., Richard, R. L., Schriver, D. & Walker, R. J. 2018 Suprathermal electron acceleration in a reconnecting magnetotail: large-scale kinetic simulation. J. Geophys. Res. 123 (10), 80878108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zweibel, E. G. 1989 Magnetic reconnection in partially ionized gases. Astrophys. J. 340, 550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zweibel, E. G., Lawrence, E., Yoo, J., Ji, H., Yamada, M. & Malyshkin, L. M. 2011 Magnetic reconnection in partially ionized plasmas. Phys. Plasmas 18 (11), 111211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zweibel, E. G. & Yamada, M. 2016 Perspectives on magnetic reconnection. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 472 (2196), 20160479.Google ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Pucci et al. Supplementary Materials

Pucci et al. Supplementary Materials

Download Pucci et al. Supplementary Materials(File)
File 206.3 KB