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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 September 2012
During the last two centuries of the Roman Republic, Italian business-men swarmed into newly acquired provinces and lands that had fallen under Roman influence. Sometimes they settled abroad with their families and, as landowners, obtained a form of wealth that raised them in the social scale. At the end of the second century B.C. Italians began to emigrate and become landowners in another way—by the foundation in the provinces of colonies, veteran and civilian. It was Gaius Gracchus who initiated colonization overseas, and it remained a radical, controversial policy—but an indispensable one. Both forms of emigration kept up their momentum until the Imperial age. As they passed through the empire or settled abroad, families of Italian negotiatores and colonists left evidence of their movements, mainly in the form of inscriptions. Under the Caesars we may, in some cases, trace their progress in reverse: the descendants of Italian émigrés—negotiatores, colonists, and landowners—returned to Italy and held posts to which some at any rate of their ancestors could never have aspired.
1 See Syme, R., Colonial Elites (Oxford, 1958), especially 14 ff.Google Scholar
2 PIR 2 A 613.
3 Annals XIV, 5.
4 PIR 2 C 1570.
5 e.g., ILS 9502, illustrated in JRS III (1913), 225, fig. 42 (this inscription is probably of Augustan date); TAPA LVII (1926), 225, no. 51, figs. 51 and 51 a (for a date later than A.D. 41 for this inscription, see PIR 2 C 1465). For the lettering of second century Latin inscriptions from Pisidian Antioch, see JRS XLVIII (1958), pl. X, and Anat. Stud, VIII (1958),pl. XXXV (b).
6 Published by SirRamsay, W. M. in JRS XIV (1924), 188 f.Google Scholar, no. 9, and tentatively dated before A.D. 10; republished in The Social Basis of Roman Power in Asia Minor (Aberdeen, 1941), 148ff.,no. 153, and there dated to about A.D. 80.
7 In itself, the presence of Crepereius' wife at Antioch would prove nothing: cf. JRS III (1913), 301 f., an inscription set up in honour of a governor of Galatia and his wife. There is nothing to prevent a native of Antioch being procurator of Galatia: Pompeius Macer of Mytilene became procurator of Asia (Strabo XIII, p. 618), and Plutarch of Chaeronea seems to have been procurator of Achaea (Groag, , Die römischen Reichsbeamten von Achaia (Wien, etc., 1939). 145 ff.Google Scholar).
8 No cognomen of the honorand would have been abbreviated to the misleading AVG, while Aug(uri) and Aug(ustali) are ruled out by her sex. Male augurs occur frequently at Pisidian Antioch: JRS II (1912), 99, no. 31; III (1913), 289, no. 17; TAPA LVII (1926), 225, no. 51. For male seviri Augustales, see JRS III (1913), 258, no. 3; TAPA LVII (1926), 237, no. 76: they were not men of equestrian rank.
9 Anatolian Studies Presented to W. H. Buckler(Manchester, 1939), 206, no. 3. Ramsay restored the name of the priestess as Caristania Frontina Iulia, making her a member of the well-known family of the Caristanii (see Cheesman, , JRS III, 1913, 253 ff.Google Scholar), but this restoration requires 17 letters in the second line of the inscription against an average of 14½ in the eight other full lines, and so it can hardly be right.
10 For another female sacerdos, see Anat. Stud. VIII (1958), 219. There the object of the cult is not specified. At Ostia, too, only one flaminica of Augusta seems to be known; see Meiggs, R., Roman Ostia (Oxford, 1960), 354.Google Scholar She was Plaria Vera, mother of a man who held the consulship at the end of the first or early in the second century A.D. (CIL XIV, 399; Meiggs, o.c., 504).
11 Suet., Div. Claud. XI; Cassius Dio LX, 5, ii.
12 Anat. Stud. VIII (1958), 219.
13 ibid.
14 CIL III, 6845.
15 See n. 7, above.
16 See Sherwin-White, A. N., Papers of the Brit. Sch. at Rome XV (1939), 16 f.Google Scholar, on the senior prefectures. Some of Caesar's tribuni militum in Gaul had taken up their posts “amicitiae causa” (Bell. Gall. I, 39); Pompeius Macer, procurator of Asia and Librarian to Augustus, was a close friend of that emperor (Grant, M., From Imperium to Auctoritas (Cambridge, 1946), 388 f.Google Scholar) and of Tiberius (Strabo XIII, p. 618). For Agrippina as the patron and manipulator of equites, see Tacitus, , Annals XII, 7Google Scholar (Alledius Severus); 42 (Afranius Burrus); XIII, I (Publius Celer).
17 See below, p. 103.
18 C. Caristanius Fronto and his son (Cheesman, , JRS III, 1913, 253 ff.Google Scholar) are certain. For Anicius Maximus, proconsul of Bithynia (Pliny, Ep.x, 112, 3), see JRS XVI (1926), 207. Not all the senators attributed to Antioch by de Laet, S. J., De Samanstelling van den romeinschen Senaat (Gent, 1941)Google Scholar, are to be accepted.
19 P. Anicius Maximus, probably the grandfather of Anicius Maximus the senator (ILS 2696, cf. PIR2 D 127); Proculus, (JRS II, 1912, 99Google Scholar, no. 31).
20 See Birley, E., ‘The Origins of Equestrian Officers: Prosopographical Method,’ Durham University Journal (June, 1951), 86 ff.Google Scholar (= Roman Britain and the Roman Army (2nd ed., Kendal, 1961), 154 ff.). Professor Birley mentions Crepereius as an example of a rare nomen of this kind. It is not dealt with by Schulze, , Zur Geschichte Lateinischer Eigennamen (Berlin, 1933)Google Scholar.
21 CIL XI, 3967.
22 CIL XIV, 3968.
23 Ling. Lat. VI, 5.
24 CIL XI, 896; cf. T. Flavius Sabinus from Reate (Suet., Div. Vesp. I).
25 Broughton, T. R. S., Magistrates of the Roman Republic (New York, 1952), II, 558.Google Scholar
26 Hatzfeld, J., Les trafiquants italiens dans l'orient hellénique (Paris, 1919), 238 ff.Google Scholar
27 CIL IX, 504, 518, 649.
28 Eph. Epigr. VIII, 50.
29 BCH XXXVI (1912), 31.
30 Hatzfeld, Trafiquants, 42, n. 6.
31 Cicero, Pro Font. 5, 11.
32 CIL XII, 4751.
33 ibid., 1818.
34 C 1567 ff. (Two are mentioned under 1569.)
35 1567, 1569, 1571.
36 Hatzfeld, Trafiquants, 293.
37 Cicero, , De Lege Agr. I, 5Google Scholar; II, 50.
38 Jones, A. H. M., Cities of the East. Rom. Prov. (Oxford, 1937), 133.Google Scholar
39 SEG VI, 646, and Belleten XXII (1958), 32, no. 20.
40 SEG II, 696.
41 IGRR III, 780 f.
42 Hatzfeld, Trafiquants, 257 ff.
43 This is indicated by the use of Latin in the bilingual inscription, Monumenti antichi XXIII (1914), 18.
44 Ramsay, W. M., BCH VII (1883), 260, no. 2.Google Scholar
45 TAPA LXVI (1935), 18 ff.
46 e.g., by Robert, L., REG LXI (1948), 200Google Scholar, and Hellenica IX (1950), 51; by M. Grant, From Imperium to Auctoritas, 383, n. 10; and by G. E. Bean, Belleten, loc. cit. (n. 39).
47 Gellius, Aulus, Noct. Attic, XIV, 13.Google Scholar
48 As at Iconium in Phrygia, for example (CIG 3993, IGRR III, 1474).
49 SHA, Marcus Antoninus XXVI, 9: ‘Fecit (Marcus Antoninus) et coloniam vicum in quo obiit Faustina.’
50 e.g., the inhabitants of Apollonia in Phrygia called themselves Λύκιοι Θρᾷκες κόλωνοι (Head, B., Hist. Num. 2 (Oxford, 1911), 706Google Scholar; IGRR III, 314, 317–318, 324).
51 So Professor Robert, REG, loc. cit. (n. 46).
52 See Servius ad Virg. Aen. I, 12.
53 Head, Hist. Num. 2 701.
54 Cossinius: SEG VI, 665; the Gavii: Bean, G. E., Belleten XXII (1958), 37 ff.Google Scholar, nos. 26 f. = SEG XVII, 584. For negotiatores of the same gentes, see the index in Hatzfeld, Trafiquants.
55 See Mansel, A., ‘Bericht über Ausgrabungen in Pamphylien in den Jahren 1946–1955’, Arch. Anz. LXXI (1956), 118 ffGoogle Scholar. For the meaning of συμπολιτευόμενοι, Hatzfeld, Trafiquants, 314 f., and for the organization of conventus, ibid., 282 ff.
56 PIR 2 C 1567; IGRR III, 777.
57 Pflaum, H., Les carrìères procuratoriennes équestres (Paris, 1960–1961), 1, 347Google Scholar, no. 147, believes rather that he was the friend of successive emperors.
58 PIR 2 C 1569; for Crepereius of Oenoanda, see BCH XXIV (1900), 342 f., no. 6 f. Since this man is mentioned along with L. Julius Petilius Euarestus, the ἀγωνοθέτης διὰ βίου of the πανήγυρις Σευηρείων Άλεξανδρείων (BCH X, 1886, 230 ff., no. 9 ff.), he should be assigned to the third century A.D.
59 Monumenti antichi XXIII (1914), 18.
60 PIR 2 C 1569; Wessely, , Studien zur Palaeographie und Papyruskunde XXII (1922), 99.Google Scholar Possibly L. Crepereius Paulus was brother to the Crepereius of PIR 2 C 1567.
61 RE XXIII (1957), 1252 f., Suppl. IX (1962), 594.
62 Pflaum, o.c. (n. 57), 345 f., no. 146, thinks of the period before 148, since the later title of the ala, πολειτῶν τῶν ‘Ρωμαίων, is omitted.
63 LXIX, 14, iv.
64 Magie, D. M., Raman Rule in Asia Minor (Princeton, 1950) II, 1532 f.Google Scholar
65 So Brandis, , Hermes XXXI (1896), 161 f.Google Scholar
66 See Magie, o.c. (n. 64), 1592.
67 Bean, G. E., Belleten XXII (1958), 37 ff.Google Scholar, nos. 26 f. = SEG XVII, 584.
68 So PIR 2 G 90. For other inscriptions found in Pamphylia which mention posts certainly or probably held there, without specifying the province, see SEG vi, 646, and Bean, o.c. (n. 67), 26 f., no. 11 and probably no. 12 = SEG XVII, 568 f.
69 Cornelius Fronto, Ad Verum, ed. Haines, 11, 155.
70 Monumenti Antichi XXIII (1914), 18.
71 So (tentatively) Magie, o.c. (n. 64), 1600.
72 JRS XLVIII (1958), 74 f.
73 CIL III, 6825 ( = ILS 2238), and 6826.
74 So Ritterling, , Zeitschr. fr Num. XXXVIII (1928), 56 ff.Google Scholar, Syme, R., JRS XXIII (1933), 17 ff.Google Scholar, and Schmitthenner, W., The Roman Armies of the Triumviral Period (unpublished Oxford D.Phil, thesis, 1938), 1, 135.Google Scholar For another view see Parker, , The Roman Legions (Oxford, 1928), 266 f.Google Scholar
75 Cicero, Ad Att. XVI, 8, i; see Kromayer, , Hermes XXXI (1896), 15Google Scholar, Ritterling, RE XII (1925), 1614, and Parker, o.c. (n. 74), 267. Antony's legio VII does not seem to have survived Actium (Schmitthenner, o.c. (n. 74), 1, 140).
76 CIL X, 8056234, a patera now at Naples. The colonist Pescennius (ILS 7021) may have come from Campania; cf. CIL I, 1212 = X, 4282.
77 See, e.g., Kromayer, , Hermes XXXIII (1898), 68Google Scholar; Holmes, Rice, The Architect of the Rom. Empire (Oxford, 1928), I, 147Google Scholar; Cuntz, , Jahreshefte des Öst. Arch. Inst. XXV (1929), 70 f.Google Scholar; Tarn, , CQ XXVI (1932), 75 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schmitthenner, o.c. (n. 74), I, 133, II, 245.
78 CIL XI, 453.
79 ibid., 896.
80 Pimazzo and its church lie on the western bank of the Samoggio, the river which, according to Bormann (CIL XI, p. 133), was the ancient boundary between Bononia and Mutina, and they are nearer to Mutina.
81 cf. Appian, , Bell. Civ. IV, 3Google Scholar; V, 5; V, 12.
82 Dio L, 6, iii; cf. Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, and Suet., Div. Aug. XVII.
83 Chilver, , Cisalpine Gaul (Oxford, 1941), 17Google Scholar; Mansuelli, , Ariminum (Ist. di Stud. Rom., 1941), 30Google Scholar, n. 33.
84 Bononia: Dio, loc. cit. (n. 82), and ILS 5674. Ariminum: ILS 6656. In view of the resemblance that Bormann (CIL XI, p. 76 f.) and Dr. Chilver (o.c., 18) noticed between Pisidian Antioch and Ariminum, it seems likely that Augustus did send settlers there, perhaps in the same year that he founded the colony of Antioch (25 B.C.).
85 See Brunt, P. A., JRS LII (1962), 85.Google Scholar
86 L. Crepereius Paulus of Attaleia belonged to the tribe Sergia, in which the colonists of Pisidian Antioch were enrolled (Monumentiantichi XXXIII, 1914, 18). This would suggest that the Attaleian Crepereii came from Antioch, but it is by no means conclusive. Cicero says that Sergia was the tribe to which the Sabines belonged (In Vatin. 15, 36). Emigrating Crepereii would be enrolled in the tribe before they left Italy.
87 JRS XLVIII (1958), 74 ff.
88 See above, p. 100.
89 See Dean, L. R., A Study of the Cognomina of Soldiers in the Roman Legions (Princeton, 1916).Google Scholar The analysis of cognomina given here is based on this work.
90 Crepereia Donata: CIL VIII, 3559.
91 Q. Crepereius Fortunatus: ibid., 3095.
92 Crepereiae Rogatae: ibid., 2070, 6744.
94 Crepereia Proculosa: ibid., 3556.
95 Cagnat, , L'armée romaine d'Afrique (Paris, 1913), II, 627.Google Scholar
96 Ritterling, , RE XII (1925), 1495 ff.Google Scholar
97 CIL VIII, 2564, c, 89; 2567, 37; 2569, 25; 3095.
98 Crispinus (ibid., 3557 f.); Donatus (3559); Felicissimus (14728); Florus (8987); Fortunatus (3095); Ingenuus (2569 25); Primus (9856); Proculosus (3556); Rogatus (2070, 6744); Secundinus (9855); Victor and its derivatives (9834, 24384 f., 27955); Vitalis (6745).
99 e.g., Crescens (Inscr. lat. d'Algérie I, 3683); Pudens (CIL VIII, 24380); Rufinus (ibid., 16556).
100 Dean, o.c. (n. 89), 85 f.
101 CIL VIII, 2564, c, 89.
103 Groag, , RE IV (1901), 1705, no. 5.Google Scholar
104 For Rufinus, see CIL VIII, 16556; and for the relationships, PIR 2 C 36, 47, 76, and 77.
105 IGRR I, 439; cf. PIR 2 C 1573.
106 CIL VIII, 18084 f., lists of discharged veterans belonging to the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian, mention a large number of men of eastern and especially of Syrian origin. See Cagnat, , L'Armée romaine I, 287 ff.Google Scholar
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108 ILS 2487; cf. Forni, o.c. (n. 107), 83.
109 CIL VIII, 2975.
110 ibid., 2564 = 18052.
111 Crepereius, centurion in the Cohors I Hispanorum equitata and stationed in Egypt during Domitian's reign (IGRR I, 1773, 1777), will certainly have been recruited in the east.
112 CIL VIII, 15427; cf. C. Iulius Syriacus and M. Laetorius Syriacus of Legio III Augusta (ibid., 3167 = 18532, and 3174).
