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Gradations in Later Municipal Society

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2012

A. F. Norman
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Extract

The legislation of the Roman Empire, as exemplified in the two great Codes, may often be regarded as the consolidation in law of practices already current. This tendency, however, is most obvious in respect of those practices which were of administrative utility in the eyes of the government. Thus, while there is much information concerning the organization or regimentation of certain sections of the population in which the government, for good or ill, showed its interest, the more unofficial expressions of bias and prejudice arising from existing social convention tend to escape notice. Yet even the convention of snobbery has its place in the history of a society, and the purpose of this paper is to examine it, in certain aspects, in the life of the East in the fourth century.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Roman Studies , Volume 48 , Issue 1-2 , November 1958 , pp. 79 - 85
Copyright
Copyright ©A. F. Norman 1958. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

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References

1 For example, prejudice aroused by a decurion's absence and permission required from the governor, Ep. 741 (before Valens' restrictions). Cf. anticipations of defensor and peraequator; Petit, Libanius et la Vie Municipale, 78 ff., 149 f.

2 References, unless otherwise stated, are to the Orations in Foerster's edition: 29, 27–30; 2, 6; 36, 4; 1, 87; 58, 4ff.

3 e.g., 16, 37 ff.; 22, 9 f.; 35, 13 ff.

4 6, 16; artisans, lawyers, governors, teachers. 36, 4–8; artisans, decurions, lawyers, teachers. 2, 30–43; priests, farmers, decurions, soldiers, officials, teachers. 5, 25; sailors, farmers, teachers, doctors, smiths, builders, soldiers. 17, 26–7; philosophers, teachers, farmers, decurions, governors, soldiers. 41, 11; decurions, governors, teachers, farmers, lawyers, artisans, merchants.

5 5, 42 f.; 23, 11; 24, 26; 33, 35 f.

6 II, 150 ff.

7 Ep. 197; 1, 228; 29, 9; 27, 25–9; 54, 42; Ep. 1176; 29, 30.

8 Contrast 11, 150 ff. with 56, 16.

9 ὁ ἀφόρητος φόρος, 46, 22; cf. Zosimus, 2, 38.

10 Ep. 226, 3–4.

11 29, 30; 46, 22.

12 31, 12; 28, 18.

13 Ep. 1161–2.

14 51, 10.

15 58, 5.

16 29, 30; 31, 11; 46, 22.

17 58, 37.

18 15, 77; 20, 3.

19 4, 26–7; 41, 11.

20 2, 54; 62, 46–9.

21 42, 26 ff.; 33,40.

22 46, 10; 29, 22.

23 1, 229; 4, 27; 1, 208.

24 19, 47.

25 46, 31; 48, 40; 54, 42.

26 26, 8; 46, 31; 48, 40; 54, 42, 23 ff.

27 33, 33–4.

28 29, 9–10.

29 Ep. 1433, 2.

30 50, 30 ff.

31 Language rather than race, II, 184. Syriac, 42, 31 (the only mention in L.).

32 τέχνη τῶν σεμνοτέρων, Ep. 756, I. The Plethrum, 10, 4–5.

33 31 passim (esp. 11–12).

34 i.e. Gaudentius, 38, 1; Ep. 174; Eusebius (XXII), Ep. 884, 2; Thalassius, 42, 6; Calliopius, (v), L.'s assistant in 361, may be mag. epist. in 388, Ep. 625; Ep. 18.

35 Migne, , PG 68, 630Google Scholar.

36 61, 15. Amm. Marc., 14, 9, 7.

37 48, 31 ff.; 36, 6.

38 62, 21; ἀπὸ τῶν ἐργαστηρίων νέοι, οἵς ἡ φροντὶς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀναγκαίας τροφῆς. Law is regarded by L. as the last refuge for a dunce, 4, 18.

39 48, 18. Julian, Misop. 367D ff.

40 28, 4; 28, 23; 18, 147; 47, 10. Cod. Theod. 12, 1, 32. Nov. Maj. 7.

41 I, 2; 11, 139 ff.; 31, 7; 35, 3 ff.

42 48 and 49 passim.

43 II, 144; τρία γὰρ αὑτὴν διελοῦσα τέλη 〈ἡ βουλὴ〉 τὴν μὲν ἡγεμονίαν καθ᾿ ἕκαστον τοῖς ἀρίστοις ἀνατέθεικε, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν ἕπεται στρατηγοῖς ἐπισταμένοις ὑπὲρ τοῦ μέρους πονεὶν. cf. Ep. 1393; Ep. 1176; 48, 40.

44 Cod. Theod. 11, 16, 4.

45 I, 3; I, 116; Ep. 1176; 48, 40.

46 Best exemplified by the families of Maximus, Agesilaus and Eusebius in Ancyra.

47 62, 39.

48 32, 8; 45, 4; 48, 37; 48, 40; 49, 8; 56, 27 ff. Cod. Theod. 10, 4, 2: adrogantia illicita principalium. 12, 1, 173: ad impressianem potentium cohibendam. Legitimate perquisites of the order, 31, 16; 50, 5; 48, 9. For an analogous situation in the first century A.D., cf. Oliver, , ‘The Ruling Power’, Trans. Am. Philol. Ass. XLIII, 953 ffGoogle Scholar.

49 Julian, Misop. 367 ff. Cf. 15, 20 ff.; 18, 195; 49, 18.

50 Amm. Marc., 30, 5, 10; 28, 6, 7 ff.

51 Cod. Theod. 12, 1, 75 and 77; 12, 1, 127; 8, 5, 59.

52 36, 5; 48, 37.

53 Corruption, 4, 25; extortion, 27, 23 ff.; embezzlement, 1, 230. For the transaction of civic affairs, 56, 30 ff.; Cod. Theod. 12, 1, 151.

54 Ep. 374, 5; 32, 8. Cf. Petit, o.c., 353 ff.

55 To Themistius, Ep. 434; remission requested, Epp. 40; 70; 80; antipathy towards the Senate, Epp. 34; 731; 1189; 1514.

56 Migne, , PG, 62, 426Google Scholar.

57 Thalassius and Eusebius apply because of possible curial victimisation, 42, 6; Ep. 884. Cimon because of the threat of the sitegia, Ep. 959.