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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 September 2012
In the collection of ancient sculpture at Pawlowsk, near Leningrad, there is a Roman sarcophagus which has never been published (plate I, a-c), though long known to students of ancient sarcophagi. A certain amount of information as to its history is supplied to us from the following sources. Stephani appends to his description of the sarcophagus in Die Antiken-Sammlung zu Pawlowsk, 1872, p. 24, no. 42, a short notice of its previous career. ‘Der Sarkophag ist in Rom im Mausoleum des Augustus, worin bekanntlich. nähere und fernere Verwandte der kaiserlichen Familie bis gegen die Zeit Hadrians beigesetzt wurden (Becker, Handb. der röm. Alterth. Th. I, s. 639), gefunden und gelangte zunächst in die Sammlung Lyde Brown—Cat. L. Br. 1779, sarcofaghi, no. I, “un bellissimo e ben conservato sarcofago, largo quattro piedi e mezzo, ornato con sei maschere di Fauni e Satiri e con festoni e putti di ottimo gusto; fu trovato nel Mausoleo d'Augusto.”’ On the negative side we can trace the history of the sarcophagus still further.
page 14 note 1 This paper owes its origin to the kindness of Professor Rodenwaldt of Berlin, who photographed the sarcophagus while on a visit to Russia in the summer of 1926 and has allowed me to publish his photographs in this Journal. The need for investigating the date of this sarcophagus in particular was first impressed upon me in the course of a conversation with Mrs. Strong, who suggested that its reputed provenance might have an important bearing upon its date and hence upon the chronology of sarcophagi in general.
page 14 note 2 The following references were kindly sent to me by Mr. I. A. Richmond. They all appear in his article on the Mausoleum of Augustus in Papers of the British School at Rome, vol. x. I include them here for the sake of completeness.
page 14 note 3 B.C., 1895 pp. 106–7.
page 14 note 4 Aldroandi, Statue di Roma, 1588, pp. 198–201; Storia degli Scavi, iii, p. 241 and Album de Pierre Jaques, 1575, p. 57; Storia degli Scavi, ii, p. 15.
page 14 note 5 In 1780 the Soderini gardens were replaced by a bull ring (Diario di Roma, July 3, 1780, no. 570) and the sale of the collection must, therefore, have been going on during the years preceding this date.
page 15 note 1 I have to thank Mrs. Strong for her kindness in procuring and handing over to me the photograph of this drawing, and the authorities of the Staatsbibliothek at Berlin for allowing me to publish it here.
page 16 note 1 i.e. the first (from left to right) and second of the upper taeniae, and the first, third, fourth, fifth and sixth of the lower taeniae.
page 18 note 1 Altmann, op. cit., p. 76.
page 18 note 2 ibid., p. 80.
page 18 note 3 ibid., p. 100.
page 18 note 4 vide supra, p. 14.
page 18 note 5 Strong, Scultura romana, p. 47, fig. 25; Rodenwaldt, Der Sarkophag Caffarelli, p. 22, Abb. 15.
page 18 note 6 Rodenwaldt, op. at., p. 25, Abb. 17, 18.
page 18 note 7 ibid., p. 27, Abb. 19; Strong, op. cit., p. 61, 39; Altmann, Die römischen Crabaltäre der Kaiserzeit, Taf. 1.
page 19 note 1 Rodenwaldt, op. cit., p. 21 ff.
page 19 note 2 Strong, op. cit., p. 125, fie. 79
page 19 note 3 Strong, op. cit., p. 288; Helbig, Führer durch die Sammlungen klassischer Altertümer in Rom, ed. 3, II, p. 42, no. 1208. There is a probably still earlier and approximately dated ‘garland-sarcophagus’ in the Campo Santo at Pisa (C.I.L. xi, 1430), the garland style of which I am not at present in a position to discuss, having neither seen the original nor been able as yet to procure a photograph of it. The importance of this piece lies in the fact that we can assign it with certainty to the last years of the first or to the beginning of the second century A.D., for it bears the name of C. Bellicus Natalis Tebanianus, consul in 87 (Prosopographia Imperii Romani, I, p. 234, no. 84). According to the description in the Corpus the decoration of the front consists of two garlands upheld by a draped female figure at either end and a nude male figure in the centre, with figure-scenes in the semicircular spaces above each garland. On each short side is a garland, supported by a nude boy at one end and one of the corner female figures on the front at the other, with a Medusa mask above.
page 20 note 1 op. cit., p. 24.
page 21 note 1 Schöne, Griech. Reliefs, Taf. v-vi.
page 22 note 1 Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire, v, 1885, Pl. x; Paribeni, Museo Nazionale Romano, p. 245, no. 695; Helbig, op. cit., ed. 3, II, p. 196, no. 1455. Altmann (op. cit. p. 75), writing in 1902, reproduces it as his figure 28 with the legend ‘Villa Pamfili’ below, but according to Strena Helbigiana, p. 5, note 4, published in 1900, the sarcophagus was then in the Museo Nazionale.
page 22 note 2 Strena Helbigiana, loc. cit.
page 22 note 3 Three of the figures on the Codex Pighianus lid—Amorino on sea-bull to r., Amorino on sea-horse to ]. and Amorino as Hermes on sea-ram to 1.]—occur on a fragmentary sarcophagus lid in Berlin (Berlin, Beschreibung der antiken Sculpturen, no. 906).
page 23 note 1 Paribeni, op. cit., p. 138, no. 264 (Chiostro, Ala III).
page 23 note 2 Benndorf-Schöne, , Die antiken Bildwerke des lateranensischen Museums, p. 188, no. 294Google Scholar.
page 23 note 3 Robert, , Die antiken Sarkophagreliefs, III, 3, no. 358, p. 457, Pl. cxix.Google Scholar
page 23 note 4 Das römische Relief (Festschrift Paul Arndt, 1925).
page 24 note 1 Robert, op. cit., II, pp. 190–1, Pl. lx.
page 24 note 2 ibid. pp. 148–152, Pl. li.
page 24 note 3 N.d.S., 6th series, vol. i, 1925, pp. 407–9, fig. I, tav. xxiv.
page 24 note 4 op. cit., p. 79.
page 24 note 5 Papers of the British School at Rome, V, p. 196, Pl. xxiii.
page 24 note 6 op. cit., III, 1, pp. 1–5, Pl. i
page 24 note 7 op. cit., 52, fig. 30.
page 24 note 8 op. cit., p. 32.
page 24 note 9 op. cit., p. 417.
page 25 note 1 Rucsch, , Guida del Museo Nazionale di Napoli, 1911, p. 12, no. 28; Phot. Alinari no. 34331 NapoliGoogle Scholar.
page 25 note 2 J.H.S., xx, pp. 81–2, Pl. vii, a, b, c.
page 25 note 3 Robert, op. cit., III, 3 no. 425, pp. 501–5, Pl. cxxxiii.
page 25 note 4 Robert, op. cit., III, 2, no. 196. pp. 244–6, Pl. lxiii.
page 26 note 1 Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmäler, Pl. 496.
page 26 note 2 Strong, op. cit., p. 96, fig. 66.
page 26 note 3 ibid., p. 130, fig. 83.
page 26 note 4 Amelung, Cat., p. 256, Pl. 26; Gusman, L'art décoratif de Rome, Pl. 54.
page 26 note 5 Phot. Alinari no. 6350 Roma.
page 26 note 6 op. cit., p. 14, figs. 9, 10.
page 26 note 7 ibid., p. 16, fig. 12.
page 27 note 1 This first-century dating has, in fact, been questioned by C. Weickert who, in his review of Rodenwaldt's paper (Gnomon, 1927, pp. 215–222), assigns both sarcophagi to the second century.
page 27 note 2 Altmann, op. cit., p. 53, fig. 21; Strong, op. cit., p. 51, fig. 28.
page 27 note 3 op. cit., p. 417.
page 27 note 4 op. cit., note 64.
page 27 note 5 Mus. Capit. Cat., p. 91, no. 10, Pl. 26; Strong, op. cit., p. 290, figs. 176, 177; Gusman, op. cit., pl. 34.
page 27 note 6 Strong, op. cit., pp. 283, 285, figs. 174, 175.
page 27 note 7 I have not been able to discover any mythological sarcophagus of the Roman period which can be assigned, either on external evidence or on grounds of style, to a pre-Hadrianic date. Altmann's dating of the Ny-Carlsberg Dionysiac sarcophagus (Arndt, La Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg, p. 208, fig. 126) as ‘sicher trajanisch’ is based on the false assumption that the lid with the Trajanic reclining figure belongs to it.
